图书在版编目（CIP）数据
高级军事英语教程 / 张锦涛主编. 南京 : 南京
大学出版社, 2018.8
国防语言课程系列教材
ISBN 9787305206177
Ⅰ. ①高…Ⅱ. ①张…Ⅲ. ①军事－英语－军事院校
－教材Ⅳ. ①E
中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2018)第169581号
出版发行南京大学出版社
社址南京市汉口路22号邮编210093
出版人金鑫荣
丛书名国防语言课程系列教材
丛书主编张锦涛
书名高级军事英语教程
主编张锦涛
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国防语言系列教材
《高级军事英语教程》
策划编写人员
总主编张锦涛
编委
张锦涛王传经贡卫东雷海鹏孙金华
朱志华胡明霞殷莉钟毅李璘
本册主编张锦涛
副主编刘莹宋蓓茹
编者（按姓氏笔画排序）
王华丹乔良吕念来梦露张卉媛
张丽平张翮张韵菲杨士超杨洛茜
郑贞胡明霞郝丽华高黎高湉湉
徐敏黄珊黄晓勤彭艳青蔡霞
审校张锦涛王伦
前言
当今世界军事舞台，外语的作用举足轻重，与国防的关系日益密切。一个国家军队的国防语言能力是其战斗力的重要构成，一支外语能力过硬、国际视野开阔、熟悉行动区域语言文化的军队能够更加自信地完成肩负的使命任务。为适应遂行多样化军事任务对新型军事人才国防语言能力的需要，解放军陆军工程大学联合军队兄弟院校编写了“国防语言课程系列教材”。
“国防语言课程系列教材”是继“新军事英语系列教材”之后军队院校外语教学内容体系的又一次大胆改革。它既满足“培养大批具有国际视野、通晓国际规则、能够参与国际事务与国际竞争的国际化人才”这一国家教育战略对高等院校外语教学的基本要求，又凸显军队院校外语教学的鲜明军事特色，贴近军校学员的学习、生活和部队建设的实际需要。“国防语言课程系列教材”涉及英、法、德、俄、日五个语种，包括国防语言知识技能综合性教材和对象国军政文化教学类教材。本套教材注重实用性、时代性和开放性。
“国防语言课程系列教材”的英语综合类教材包括《初级军事英语教程》、《中级军事英语教程》、《高级军事英语教程》三册。从选题的内容和难度上，这三册教材可作为通用大学英语课程与专业军事英语课程的衔接课程使用教材。每册的单元主题广度和深度都有一个提升，课后练习的题型和要求也遵循这一思想。各单元均包括读写和视听说两大部分，具有较强的可读性。读写部分选材新颖、注释清晰，配套练习有对课文理解的考察，语言要素的训练，也有军事知识的拓展深化；结合视听材料内容，设置了简答题、判断题、选择题、填空题等难度适中、形式多样的题型，旨在提高学员的听说能力。通过学习，学员在掌握外军知识、军事术语、缩略语的同时，巩固听、说、读、写、译等技能，提高岗位指向英语应用能力。
《高级军事英语教程》涵盖国防语言、军人伦理、军事演习、军人节日、战争与科技、军事教育、军事情报、军事学说等主题，供英语水平达到大学英语四级的学员使用。
教材提供了大量素材，教员可根据自己的实际情况进行选择，既可以作为面授内容，也可作为课后扩展练习。
编者囿于经验，在设计和内容上难免疏漏。我们热诚欢迎更多的反馈意见和建议，以便让这套教材得到不断完善。
编者
2018年7月
CONTENTS
00
00
Defense Language
002Part ⅠPrereading Activities
004Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
004Text ALanguage Skills Vital to Military Success
017Text BHow to Become an Army Interpreter or Translator
027Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Ethics
036Part ⅠPrereading Activities
038Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
038Text AWest Point Honour System
—Its Objectives and Procedures
047Text BMilitary Orders—To Obey or Not to Obey
056Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Exercises
064Part ⅠPrereading Activities
066Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
066Text ABold Alligator
079Text BU.S. Military Exercises
087Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Holidays
096Part ⅠPrereading Activities
098Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
098Text AHonouring All Who Served—Veterans
Day
110Text BTen Facts About Memorial Day
121Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
War and Technology
130Part ⅠPrereading Activities
132Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
132Text AHow Stealth Bombers Work
144Text BDo Wars Drive Technological
Advancement?
150Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Education
158Part ⅠPrereading Activities
160Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
160Text AHow the U.S. Military Academy
Develops Leaders of Character
174Text BSoldier Scholars
—Military Education as an Instrument of Chinas Strategic Power
184Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Intelligence
192Part ⅠPrereading Activities
194Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
194Text AMilitary Intelligence—The Satellite Era
207Text BU.S. Defense Intelligence Agency and Its Transformation
216Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Doctrine
224Part ⅠPrereading Activities
226Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
226Text AThe New U.S. Military Doctrine
241Text BNew Military Doctrine: America Is “Looking for Enemies”
250Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
Military Transformation
258Part ⅠPrereading Activities
260Part ⅡReadingcentered Activities
260Text ACognitive Transformation in the 4th Generation Warfare
271Text BMilitary Transformation and the Limits of Uncertainty:
Two Views
278Part ⅢAdditional Themerelated Activities
00
00
Unit OneDefense Language
高级军事英语教程
Part Ⅰ
Prereading Activities
Words & Expressions
animated/nmetd／ adj． 栩栩如生的
avatar/vtａｒ／ n． 虚拟人
barrier/bｒｉ（ｒ）／ n． 障碍物
certificate/stfkt／ n． 证书
component/kmpnnt／ n． 组成部分
deploy/dpl／ vt． 部署
familiarize/fmlｉｒaz／ vt． 使熟悉
interactive/ntｒktv／ adj． 互动式的
minimum/mnmm／ adj． 最低的
profile/pｒfal／ n． 概貌
readiness/ｒedｉns／ n． 战备
transliterated/tｒnｓltｒetd／ adj． 音译的
Proper Names
Cultural Orientation文化指南
Military Survival Tasks军事救生任务
Task 1Questions for Discussion
Directions： Watch the video clip and then discuss the following questions．
1． What is Rapport about?
2． Where can you get access to Rapport?
3． What are the two components of Rapport?
Task 2True or False Statements
Directions： Watch the video clip again and then decide whether the following statements are true or false． Write T for True or F for False before each statement．
1． Cultural Orientation introduces the culture of the specific linguistic group and region．
2． Video recordings of simple verbal exchanges present local language and demonstrates pronunciation．
3． Interactive assessments and activities also help users learn and retain the material．
4． Passing is defined as the minimum score of 60% for both the Cultural Orientation assessment and the Military Survival Tasks component．
5． The user receives the certificate after successfully completing the program．
Part Ⅱ
Readingcentered Activities
Text A
Language Skills Vital to Military Success
1The U．S． Department of Defense considers knowledge of foreign languages and cultural awareness essential to mission readiness. In late January， 2011， the Language and Culture： A Strategic Imperative Summit， hosted by the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness［1］， brought together the foremost military leaders and academics to discuss ways to enhance cultural awareness and promote language learning throughout the services.
2In his opening remarks， Samuel Kleinman， Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Readiness， addressed the issues at stake： In todays globalized world， language skills and cultural awareness are “a national security imperative，” an essential component to foster reliable international relations and to understand threats posed by potential adversaries．
3Keynote speaker， Gen． Anthony Zinni， the former commander of the U．S． Central Command［2］， spoke of his experiences as a young infantry battalion advisor to the Vietnamese Marine Corps． Living and working alongside his Vietnamese counterparts gave Gen． Zinni the opportunity to understand the Vietnam War from their point of view and not solely from a U．S． perspective． This essential knowledge provided the context that was missing in order to grasp the challenges ahead and to successfully complete his mission．
4Gen． Zinni also discussed his experience in countless missions throughout the world where language skills and cultural awareness were vital to accomplishing the task at hand， whether it was establishing camps for Kurdish refugees in Iraq or mediating conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians． “The nature of conflict has changed，” Gen． Zinni said． “Victory is not only determined by winning on the battlefield， but by processing and understanding the minds of the populations where operations are being conducted．”
5Nancy Weaver， Director of the Defense Language Office［3］ within the U．S． Department of Defense， highlighted the growing importance of language skills in todays international arena． “In the Department of Defense， we have an appreciation of other cultures． We are a global force and a global nation in an interdependent world． By understanding the uniqueness of different cultures， we can better communicate common goals and missions，” Weaver explained．
6The U．S． Department of Defense employs more than 246，000 foreign language speakers． The need to further develop this human asset has led to plans for emphasizing foreign language learning in U．S． military schools and requirements for foreign language proficiency prior to graduation． “We have senior leaders who understand why we have to start working on this today，” Weaver added． “This is not a nearterm problem， but rather a continuous effort for the Department of Defense and our nation．”
7During the summit， Gen． Douglas Fraser， commander of the U．S． Southern Command［4］ or SOUTHCOM， spoke of the importance of language and cultural training as a component of security cooperation activities with Latin America and the Caribbean．
8Dilogo sat down with Gen． Fraser to discuss his perspective on language and cultural competencies in the services．
9DILOGO： How has your experience in the region shaped your understanding about the importance of language and culture?
10Gen． Fraser： Growing up in the region had a significant impact on me． It gave me an appreciation of Latin America， for the richness of the culture， for the passion and focus of the people—I have a real affinity for Latin America and its warm and engaging people． Even though my language skills are not as good as I would like， I appreciate the fact that we need to work together in a common language to truly understand one another． I think many of my counterparts appreciate the fact that I lived in the region—that living there gave me an understanding of the culture and an ability to communicate with people in the region．
11DILOGO： How does that translate from a military point of view? What advantages does that provide?
12Gen． Fraser： The ability to communicate and understand a culture means two things： I am literally able to understand what my counterparts are saying， but I can also hear what they are trying to tell me—the cultural message—and adjust to that． Language and cultural knowledge provide opportunities to communicate and connect， which enhances our engagement with the region．
13For the military， our foreign area officers［5］ are extremely important． Their ability to communicate allows us to form very close relations with our counterparts． They help us break through a lot of the communication barriers or avoid miscommunication． They help us translate concerns， perceptions and needs．
14DILOGO： What are the challenges in implementing these capabilities for cultural awareness when you are dealing with full spectrum operations?
15Gen． Fraser： One of the challenges is time and the other is our bias and our perspective—how we use our information sources to interpret and see what we hear． Language is not just about words， it is also about culture， which affects how we understand and process language． Two people who share the same language but come from completely different cultures may understand a situation in two completely different ways． The way a Spanish speaker in Peru thinks about an issue may be very different from the way a Spanish speaker in Guatemala thinks about the same idea． Cultural awareness—understanding the culture that underscores the words—is critical to really communicating with and understanding the rest of the world． Different cultures can lead to different understandings and meanings， and we dont always understand that the way we need to． Its important that we always apply a language and culture filter and ask ourselves if we really understand the problem we are facing and if we understand it the same way our partners do．
16DILOGO： Can you provide an example of how language skills have enhanced interoperability?
17Gen． Fraser： The best example at a senior level， although this happens throughout the forces， is when we put U．S． forces in to help the people of Haiti． Lt． Gen． Keen commanded those forces and had spent time in Brazil， had been to their staff college and understood and spoke Portuguese． The MINUSTAH［6］ Commander was Brazilian and a friend of Lt． Gen． Keens． They knew one another from their days of training and their days in school． They already had an established connection—they already trusted one another and did not need to build a relationship from scratch—and they could communicate with one another， which helped us enormously in accomplishing common goals．
18Focusing on the U．S．， Ive had senior officials tell me that theyre looking to have their men and women take part in our schools and in our training exercises for the same reason： So that their people can form relationships with U．S． military personnel， and get an awareness and understanding of life in the United States． They have a lifelong benefit from engaging with and understanding U．S． citizens， and they want to make sure this engagement continues．
19So its really a twoway connection． We need to be immersed in their schools in Latin America； they need to be immersed in our schools here in the U．S．， and that way well be able to really communicate with one another．
20DILOGO： How do language and culture skills in SOUTHCOM specifically benefit the militaries in Latin America and the Caribbean?
21Gen． Fraser： I think theres a direct connection because of the people who work on our staff—many speak the languages in the region． Some of them are firstgeneration citizens of the U．S．， while others are secondgeneration． Many of them have lived in the region and return there to train or attend educational institutions within the region． Overall， I find we have the ability to communicate much more directly and much more openly because of the inherent language and cultural capacities of our staff—this helps us connect to the region in important ways．
22DILOGO： Why are language and culture so strategically important?
23Gen． Fraser： We live in a multicultural world． Within the United States， different regions see and approach life differently． Within government， different organizations approach things differently． Different countries approach the world in different manners． But because were such an international community， because our world will continue to get smaller in the Information Age［7］， language and culture will play an increasingly important role． We need to understand one another， not just to talk to one another—communication is more than just words or computer translation programs．
24Because we live in an increasingly small world， we are going to be engaged more frequently with other nations to solve problems together． The best way to do that is to be open， to engage with one another， to understand one anothers cultures and perspectives． If we can speak one anothers languages and apply the cultural context to our interactions， our communication will improve dramatically．
（1，454 words）
NOTES
［1］ Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness （美）国防部负责人事和战备的副部长It is a highranking civilian position in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD国防部长办公厅）within the United States Department of Defense responsible for advising the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense（国防部副部长）on recruitment, career development, pay and benefits, and oversight（监督）of the state of military readiness. The Under Secretary is appointed from civilian life by the President and confirmed by the Senate（参议院）to serve at the pleasure of the President.
［2］ Central Command中央司令部The United States Central Command （USCENTCOM） is a theaterlevel Unified Combatant Command（联合作战司令部） of the U．S． Department of Defense， established in 1983． It was originally conceived of as the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force（快速部署联合特遣部队）． Its area of responsibility（防区） includes countries in the Middle East， North Africa and Central Asia， most notably Afghanistan and Iraq． CENTCOM has been the main American presence in many military operations， including the Persian Gulf War， the War in Afghanistan（2001present）， and the Iraq War．
［3］ Defense Language Office国防语言办公室
The Defense Language Office， an office within the United States Department of Defense， was established in May， 2005, within the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense（Personnel and Readiness）． It was created by the Fiscal Year 2005 National Defense Authorization Act（国防授权法案），which accompanied the House Report 108491， “to provide oversight（督查） and execution of the Defense Language Transformation Roadmap（国防语言转型路线图）．”
［4］ Southern Command南方司令部The United States Southern Command（USSOUTHCOM）， located in Miami， Florida， is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands（COCOMs） in the United States Department of Defense． It is responsible for providing contingency plans and operations in Central and South America， the Caribbean（except U．S． commonwealths， territories and possessions美利坚共和国联邦、领土及其属地）， Cuba， their territorial waters， and for the force of U．S． military resources at these locations． USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for ensuring the militarization of the Panama Canal and canal area．
［5］ foreign area officer海外地区军官A Foreign Area Officer（FAO）, a regionally focused expert in politicalmilitary operations, is a commissioned officer from any of the four branches of the United States Armed Forces． Such officers possess a unique combination of strategic focus and regional expertise， with political， cultural，
sociological， economic and geographic awareness． Foreign language proficiency is necessary in at least one of the dominant languages in their specified region．
［6］ MINUSTAH联合国海地稳定团The acronym for the United Nations Stabilisation Mission In Haiti. It is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti that has been in operation since 2004. The missions military component is led by the Brazilian Army and the force commander is Brazilian. MINUSTAHs mandate（任命）was recently extended by United Nations Security Council Resolution（联合国安全理事会决议）1944 past its October 15, 2010, deadline amid fears of instability. The mission’s current mandate runs through October 15, 2012, with the intention of further renewal. The force is composed of 8,940 military personnel and 3,711 police, supported by an international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff and United Nations Volunteers（联合国志愿人员）.
［7］ the Information Age信息时代The Information Age， also commonly known as the Computer Age or Digital Age， is an idea that the current age will be characterized by the ability of individuals to transfer information freely， and have instant access to the information that would have been difficult or impossible to find previously． The idea is linked to the concept of the Digital Age or Digital Revolution，
and carries the ramifications（衍生物）of a shift from traditional industry that the industrial revolution brought through industrialization to an economy based on the manipulation of information， i．e． an information society．
MILITARY TERMS
battalion/btln／ n． 营
full spectrum operation全谱作战
