local/lkl/　n.　someone　who　lives　in　the　place　where　you　are　or　the　place　that　you　are　talking　about　本地居民

logistics/ldstks／　n．　organization　of　supplies　and　services　for　any　complex　operation　后勤

lucrative/lukｒtv／　adj．　producing　much　money；　profitable　赚钱的，获利多的

outsource/atss／　vt．　send　（work，　for　example）　to　an　outside　provider　or　manufacturer　in　order　to　cut　costs　外包，转包

overhear/vh（ｒ）／　vt．　accidentally　hear　what　other　people　are　saying，　when　they　do　not　know　that　you　have　heard　无意中听到

paramount/pｒmant／　adj．　more　important　than　anything　else　极为重要的

quaint/kweＩnt/　adj.　unusual　and　attractive,　especially　in　an　oldfashioned　way　少见的，古怪的

ruthlessly/ruｌsｌi/　adv.　so　determined　to　get　what　you　want　that　you　do　not　care　if　you　have　to　hurt　other　people　in　order　to　do　it　无情地，冷酷地

senator/sent（ｒ）／　n．　a　member　of　the　Senate　参议员

snippet/snpt／　n．　a　small　piece　of　news，　information　or　conversation片断

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　at　the　close　ofat　the　end　of　在……结束时

2.　bring　alongto　take　someone　or　something　with　you带来，随身携带

3．　bring．．．to　an　endcause　something/somebody　to　be　finished；　end　使结束

4.　contend　withto　have　to　deal　with　a　difficult　or　unpleasant　situation　与……作斗争

5.　face　off　againstface　with面对

6．　fight　offresist　or　repel　somebody/something　by　fighting　击退

7.　fly　inarrive...by　plane　乘飞机到达

8.　lead　up　tolead　to　导致

9．　negotiate　withdiscuss　something　in　order　to　reach　an　agreement，　especially　in　business　or　politics　协商，谈判

10.　of　laterecently　近来，最近

11．　on　sightas　soon　as　somebody/something　is　seen　一看见立刻

12．　over　the　horizonabout　to　happen；imminent　即将发生，临近的

13.　put...in　harms　wayput...in　danger　处在危险之中

14.　ramp　upto　increase　the　speed,　power　or　cost　of　something　加强，加大

15．　scramble　totry　to　do　something　difficult　very　quickly　急忙，匆忙做某事

16.　tag　alongfollow　closely　紧紧跟随

17.　tall　ordera　formidable　task　or　requirement　离谱的要求，苛求

18．　tech　companytechnological　company　科技公司

19.　when　it　comes　towhen　it　refers　to当提到……

PROPER　NAMES

Department　of　Defense国防部

Esperanto/esprnt／　世界语（1887年创造的一种人工语言）

Northern　Virginia北弗吉尼亚

Pashto/pt／　普什图语（阿富汗和巴基斯坦西部部分地区的主要方言）

Persian/pn／　someone　from　Iran　波斯人（现为伊朗）

Swahili/swhｉlｉ／　斯瓦希里语（坦桑尼亚官方语言，在东非或中东非被广泛地使用）

Wartenberg［德］瓦尔腾贝格

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　have　got　from　the　text．

1．　Why　is　it　much　easier　for　both　sides　to　surrender　in　the　American　Civil　War?

（A）　Both　sides　wanted　to　finish　it　quickly．

（B）　Both　sides　spoke　the　same　language．

（C）　Both　sides　were　in　the　same　country．

（D）　Both　sides　knew　each　other　well．

2．　What　is　the　main　difference　between　language　and　most　other　military　skills?

（A）　The　main　difference　is　that　learning　language　is　a　timeintensive　process．

（B）　The　main　difference　lies　in　their　different　features．

（C）　The　main　difference　is　their　different　functions．

（D）　The　main　difference　lies　in　the　ways　of　using　them．

3．　What　are　the　two　factors　that　determine　the　importance　of　languages　to　the　army?

（A）　The　geopolitic　factor　and　the　cultural　factor.

（B）　The　languages　status　and　the　people　who　will　use　it.

（C）　The　scale　of　the　war　and　peoples　attitudes　toward　the　war.

（D）　The　location　of　the　conflict　and　the　type　of　war　being　fought.

4．　Why　are　military　translators　or　interpreters　so　important　in　and　out　of　theater?

（A）　Because　translators　can　serve　as　a　negotiator　in　some　cases．

（B）　Because　translators　are　more　familiar　with　the　local　situation．

（C）　Because　translators　can　save　soldiers　lives　sometimes　in　the　war　zone　and　help　with　logistics　and　diplomacy　after　the　war．

（D）　Because　translators　can　translate　everything　and　help　with　communication．

5．　How　to　become　a　translator　in　the　U．S．　Army?

（A）　He　needs　to　pass　the　Defense　Language　Proficiency　Test．

（B）　He　can　take　the　Defense　Language　Aptitude　Battery．

（C）　According　to　his　real　level，　he　can　choose　to　take　the　Defense　Language　Proficiency　Test　or　the　Defense　Language　Aptitude　Battery．

（D）　He　can　become　an　American　Armys　translator　if　he　can　do　several　translation　tasks　in　the　critical　areas．

Ⅱ．　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B．　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given．

1．　Foreign　Language　Proficiency　b　is　a　special　pay　given　to　members　of　the　United　States　Military　who　demonstrate　proficiency　in　one　or　more　foreign　languages．

2．　The　PLA　takes　steps　to　o　other　services，　such　as　generalpurpose　materials　storage　and　integrated　civilianmilitary　equipment　maintenance．

3．　U．S．　Marines　with　Military　Police　Company（宪兵连），　Headquarters　Battalion（司令部直属营），　1st　Marine　Division（陆战一师）　a　a　simulated　village　during　a　training　exercise　at　San　Mateo　on　Camp　Pendleton，　Calif．，　on　Aug．13，　2009．

4．　Exhausted　by　the　i　in　Iraq，　America　now　struggles　to　deal　with　the　more　acute　threat　of　weapons　of　mass　destruction（大规模杀伤性武器）　posed　by　Irans　nuclear　program．

5．　In　an　attempt　to　d　the　crisis，　Washington　said　last　month　it　was　willing　to　give　Pyongyang（平壤）　unspecified　security　assurances　in　exchange　for　a　verifiable（能证实的）　and　irreversible（不能改变的）　end　to　the　Norths　suspected　weapons　program．

6．　Without　the　former　it　cannot　be　called　a　dual　revolutionary　policy　and，　c，　if　we　ignore　the　latter，　the　policy　wont　work．

7．　I　suspect　that　were　going　to　e　those　kinds　of　barriers．　Thats　inevitable　in　the　rough，　very　rugged　terrain　along　the　Southwest　border．

8．　A　military　m　executed　in　order　to　change　the　direction　of　movement　of　a　formation，　as　of　troops　or　ships，　in　which　the　formation　is　maintained　while　the　outer　unit　describes　an　arc　and　the　inner　or　center　unit　remains　stationary　as　a　pivot（中心）．

9．　Among　the　Pentagons　other　concerns　is　that　an　aerial　assault（空袭）　on　a　suspected　biological　or　chemical　stockpile（储备）　might　i　release　toxic　substances　into　the　air．

10．　The　Departments　ability　to　assist　service　members　and　their　families　to　prepare　for　separations　during　short　and　long　term　deployments　is　p　to　sustaining　mission　capabilities　and　mission　readiness．

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below．　Change　the　form　where　necessary．

scramble　to

on　sight

negotiate　with

over　the　horizon

tag　along

fight　off

bring．．．to　an　end

contend　with

1．　Wherever　the　three　party　leaders　went　in　their　election　campaigning　a　crowd　of　press　and　TV　reporters　were　sure　to　behind．

2．　The　sentry　was　ordered　to　shoot　to　protect　himself　from　being　killed　by　the　enemy．

3．　From　ancient　times　Chinese　rulers　have　to　powerful　nonChinese　neighbors　and　potential　conquerors．

4．　The　Secretary　of　Defense　must　be　a　man　of　vision（先见之明）　who　can　see　threats　still　and　prepare　our　nation　to　meet　them．

5．　Military　personnel　race　to　keep　ice　from　melting　in　the　hot　southern　sun，　and　aircrews　load　up　with　baby　products，　which　are　in　high　demand．

6．　They　were　able　to　the　enemy，　knowing　that　we　were　there　to　help　if　needed，　but　they　didnt　need　us．

7．　This　scandal（谣言）　must　end　and　we　must　seek　to　develop　a　unified　political　position　to　see　if　we　can　develop　sufficiently　unified　political　position　to　．

8．　At　the　beginning　of　the　AntiJapanese　War，　Mao　Zedong，　head　of　the　CPC（中国共产党），　guided　the　deputies（代表）　of　the　CPC　and　the　Red　Army　in　Southern　part　of　China　to　Guomingdang　and　chose　right　persons　to　contact　the　guerilla　forces　and　guide　their　work．

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening

Words　&　Expressions

administration/dmnstｒen／　n．　行政

aim　to计划，打算

basic/besk／　n．　基础知识

call　for要求，提倡

in　exchange　for交换

instruction/nstｒkn／　n．　教育

propose/pｒpz／　vt．　建议

Proper　Names

Arabic/ｒbk／　n．　阿拉伯语

Department　of　Education［美］教育部

Department　of　State［美］国务院

Director　of　National　Intelligence［美］国家情报总监

Farsi/fsｉ／　n．　波斯语

Hindi/hndｉ／　n．　北印度语，印地语

National　Security　Language　Initiative国家安全语言倡议

Urdu/du／　n．　乌尔都语

Task　1Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard．

1．　The　hope　is　to　bring　more　foreign　language　speakers　into　（1）　．　And　it　calls　for　expanding　（2）　begun　three　years　ago　to　increase　the　number　of　those　who　speak　foreign　languages．

2．　They　say　too　many　American　children　learn　only　（1）　．　They　say　only　（2）　of　American　high　school　students　take　any　foreign　language．　And　（3）　of　those　are　learning　（4）　．

Task　2Gap　Filling　（Summary）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　or　expressions　given　in　the　word　bank．　Make　changes　where　necessary．

assistant

call　for

care

aim　to

expand

The　new　plan　“the　National　Security　Language　Initiative”（1）　teach　foreign　languages　to　more　children，　as　early　as　the　age　of　four　and　increase　foreign　language　instruction　in　college　and　graduate　school．　It　also　calls　for（2）　an　effort　begun　three　years　ago　to　increase　the　number　of　military　officers　who　speak　foreign　languages．　The　plan　also　（3）　sending　more　American　students　to　other　countries　for　part　of　their　college　studies．　And　it　calls　for　bringing　more　foreign　language　teaching　（4）　to　the　United　States．　He　says　it　will　also　show　that　Americans　（5）　enough　about　other　cultures　to　learn　to　speak　their　language．

Task　3Roleplaying　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time．　Then　try　to　imitate　the　speaker　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions．

propose

aim　to

languages

services

officials

Video　Watching　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

accompany/kmpnｉ／　vt．　与……一同发生

accomplishment/kmplmnt／　n．　完成

acquisition/kwzn／　n．　习得

adapted/dptd／　adj．　适合的

budget/bdt／　n．　预算

critical/kｒtkl／　adj．　重要的

demonstrate/demnstｒet／　vt．　展示

linguist/lwst／　n．　语言学家

naval/nevl／　adj．　海军的

postgraduate/pstｒdt／　n．　研究生

reduction/ｒdkn／　n．　减少

relevance/ｒelvns／　n．　相关性

strength/stｒe／　n．　兵力

sustain/ssten／　vt．　维持

Proper　Names

Defense　Language　Institute　Foreign　Language　Center　［美］国防语言学院外语中心

Iraq/ｒk／　伊拉克共和国（西亚国家）

John　McHugh约翰·麦克休（美陆军部长）

Pacific/psfk／　太平洋

Persian　Farsi　School波斯语学校

Secretary　of　the　Army［美］　陆军部长

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions．

1．　Who　is　John　McHugh?

2．　According　to　John　McHugh，　what　is　important　to　the　successful　accomplishment　of　missions　overseas　today　and　in　the　future?

3．　Which　program　did　John　McHugh　learn　about　during　his　visit　to　the　Persian　Farsi　School?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard．

1．　What　we　have　learned　over　the　last　ten　years，　especially　in　places　like　（1）　，　that　language　skills，　that　is　also　（2）　by　cultural　level　of　understanding　and　skills，　are　absolutely　（3）　to　get　a　mission　done．

2．　Clearly　（1）　the　variety　of　technology　used　in　the　classroom，　the　Secretary　said　that　（2）　have　changed，　and　（3）　is　“the　way　of　the　future．”

3．　Despite　the　armys　reduction　of　（1）　due　to　the　Department　of　（2）　，　McHugh　said　that　the　smaller　future　force　would　have　to　be　（3）　，　and　the　best　of　the　best　retained．

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions．

Secretary　of　the　Army

demonstrate

language　skills

DLIFLC

technology

cultural　awareness

Persian　Farsi　School

online　programs

defense　budget　cut

Video　Watching　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

capability/kepbltｉ／　n．　能力

civilian　personnel　文职人员

identify/aidentifai／　vt．　确定

initial/nl／　adj．　最初的

maximized/mksmazd／　adj．　最大限度的

move　ahead推进

recruit/ｒkｒut／　v．　征募新兵

updated/pdetd／　adj．　最新的

Proper　Names

Clifford/klfd／　Stanley/stnl／　克利福德·斯坦利

Under　Secretary　Defense　for　Personnel　/psnel／　and　Readiness/ｒedns／　［美］负责人事和战备的国防部副部长

Washington,　D．C．（Washington，　District　of　Columbia）华盛顿特区

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement．

1．　（）　DoD　is　pushing　the　maximized　language　skills　of　current　and　future　employees．

2．　（）　The　summit　is　held　by　the　Defense　Language　Office　in　Washington,　D．C．

3．　（）　The　only　goal　was　to　find　out　the　way　to　build　on　DoDs　language　and　cultural　capabilities．

4．　（）　Learning　and　understanding　multiple　languages　is　not　just　a　DoD　concern．

5．　（）　The　official　has　identified　more　than　215，000　military　members　with　foreign　language　skills．

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard．

1．　What　we　do?　How　do　we　（1）　our　military　force?He　said：　“Some　look　at　our　entire　（2）　．　Who　are　we　（3）　from?　And　how　do　you　develop　language　capabilities　of　our　society　（4）　,　which　is　about，　more　about　America　than　it　is　about　the　Department　of　Defense．”

2．　DoD　is　pushing　the　（1）　language　skills　of　current　and　future　employees　and　the　official　says　it　is　necessary　to　improve　the　mission．　Dozens　recently　attended　the　（2）　held　by　the　（3）　in　Washington,　D．C．

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　passage　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions．

employees

initial　plan

discuss

concern

capabilities

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Military　Linguists　Learn　Language　Skills　Vital　to　Operations

Foreign　languages　are　vital　to　an　effective　military　force，　the　Defense　Language　Institute　Foreign　Language　Centers　provost　said　in　an　interview　here．　“Its　absolutely　vital　that　we　have　people　on　the　ground　who　can　speak　the　native　language，”　said　retired　Army　Col．　Donald　C．　Fischer，　a　former　military　linguist．

To　ensure　the　military　has　those　resources，　DLI　instructs　military　student　linguists　in　24　languages　requested　by　the　services．　Many　of　those　languages　must　be　taught　beginning　with　the　most　basic　concepts，　said　Madhumita　Mehrotra，　a　native　of　India　and　a　Hindi　language　instructor　at　the　center．　“We　started　with　basic　sounds　and　script，　and　within　three　weeks，　they　get　to　know　sound　and　script，”　she　said　of　her　current　class，　which　is　33　weeks　into　its　48week　program．

Mehrotra　is　particular　about　how　her　students　learn　her　native　language．　“Im　very　much　particular　with　their　pronunciation，　because　Hindi　is　such　that　one　additional．．．hard　vowel　attached　to　the　consonant，　it　changes　the　whole　meaning　of　the　word，”　she　said．　“So　they　have　to　be　very，　very　particular　with　what．．．kind　of　sound　they　are　making．　It　makes　the　whole　word　change．”

“Theyre　doing　pretty　good，”　she　added．　“They　are　at　the　level　where　they　should　be　at　this　time．”　Despite　the　difficulty　of　learning　the　language，　Air　Force　Airman　1st　Class　Chelsye　Shaffer　said　she　is　enjoying　the　challenges　it　presents．　“Its　a　great　language，”　she　said．　“The　teachers　are　awesome，　and　they　help　a　lot．”

Air　Force　Airman　1st　Class　Alvertis　Bishop　agreed，　but　showed　his　hand　when　he　explained　why　he　likes　studying　Hindi．　“Ive　been　telling　people　that　I　wouldnt　want　any　other　language，　because　we　get　all　the　festivals，”　he　said　with　a　smile．　The　two　Hindi　students　sang　and　Shaffer　recited　a　Hindi　poem　during　an　August　celebration　of　Indian　culture　for　their　11student　class．　Its　one　thing　to　study　a　language　in　a　classroom　setting，　but　quite　another　to　put　it，　and　a　knowledge　of　the　culture，　to　use　in　real　life，　a　former　Marine　whos　now　a　soldier　has　learned．

The　Army　staff　sergeant，　who　requested　his　name　not　be　used　for　security　reasons，　served　a　tour　in　Iraq　with　the　1st　Marines．　On　patrol　near　Baghdad　one　morning，　the　members　of　his　unit　reached　the　location　where　theyd　been　told　to　establish　a　roadblock　and　wait　for　trucks　to　come　and　pick　them　up．

A　group　of　Arabicspeaking　men　approached　them　and　began　talking．　None　of　the　Marines　spoke　or　understood　Arabic，　but　they　soon　learned　the　men　had　been　relaying　information　back　to　counterparts．　Suddenly，　the　group　of　men　was　gone，　and　three　rocketpropelled　grenades　landed　near　the　Marines，　starting　a　“fullon　fight，”　the　staff　sergeant　said．　“If　we　would　have　known　any　Arabic，　we　would　have　caught　on　to　what　they　were　doing　before　it　started，”　he　said．　“So　I　just　didnt　want　to　go　back　without　knowing　Arabic．”

But　its　not　easy　for　a　Marine　to　switch　from　infantry　to　linguistics，　which　is　classified　as　an　intelligence　job，　he　said，　so　he　decided　to　switch　to　the　Army　with　the　intent　of　studying　Arabic　at　DLI．　Now　about　a　year　into　the　18month　Arabic　program，　he　said　he　realizes　how　important　it　is　for　servicemembers　to　understand　both　the　language　and　the　culture　of　other　lands．

“When　I　went　there，　I　had　no　clue，”　he　said．　“I　was　completely　ignorant　to　the　Middle　East．　I　had　no　knowledge　of　it　or　the　culture　of　Islam．　Theres　a　lot　of　things　that　if　you　do　wrong　in　their　culture，　then　they　can　take　that　really　offensively．　It　can　antagonize　them，　and　it　can　actually　create　a　fight　that　didnt　need　to　happen．”

Just　a　little　bit　of　knowledge　and　understanding　on　servicemembers　part　goes　a　long　way，　he　added，　noting　that　DLI　conducts　culturally　based　instruction　that　includes　cultural　immersion　activities．　“Just　understanding　them，　I　think，　allows　them　to　respect　us　more，”　he　said．

Words　&　Expressions

airman/ｅmn／　n．　飞行员

antagonize/ntnaz／　vt．　使不满，使反感

awesome/sm／　adj．　卓越的，杰出的

catch　on　to理解

1st　Class　n.　一等兵

fullon　fight最激烈的战斗

linguistics　/lＩwＩstＩks/　n.　语言学

Marine/mｒｉn／　n．　海军陆战队

on　ones　part在……方面，　就……来说

on　patrol巡逻

provost/pｒvst／　n．　教务长

relay/rileＩ/　vt.　传达

roadblock/ｒdblk／　n．　路障

rocketpropelled　grenades火箭推进榴弹

show　ones　hand吐露自己的意图，公开自己的计划

script/skｒpt／　n．　书写的字母，文字

switch/swt／　vt．　转换，转变

Proper　Names

Alvertis　Bishop埃尔瓦提斯·比舍普（空军一等兵）

Army　Col．陆军上校

staff　sergeant（陆军或海军陆战队）上士

Baghdad/bdd／　巴格达（伊拉克首都）

Chelsye　Shaffer切尔西·谢弗（空军一等兵）

Donald　C.　Fischer多纳德·C.菲希尔（时任美国国防语言学院教务长）

Madhumita　Mehrotra马德修米达·麦罗特拉

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner．

1．　Why　are　language　and　cultural　skills　so　critical　for　the　success　of　missions　overseas　today　and　in　the　future?

2．　Can　you　imagine　some　challenges　in　languages　and　cultures　that　soldiers　may　encounter　when　conducting　operations　overseas?

3．　How　much　do　you　know　about　DLI?

4．　Do　you　think　it　is　necessary　for　our　country　to　establish　a　defense　language　system?　And　why?

5．　In　addition　to　English，　which　language　will　you　choose　to　learn　as　a　second　foreign　language?　And　why?

Task　2Summarizing

Directions：　Summarize　the　main　idea　of　this　passage　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words．

linguist

vital

program

Arabic

DLI

ignorant

antagonize

immersion

understanding

respect

Task　3Oral　Presentation

Directions：　Work　in　groups　to　discuss　the　topic　of　“The　Measures　We　Can　Take　to　Improve　Our　National　Defense　Language　Ability．”　After　that，　each　of　you　will　be　given　a　chance　to　make　a　presentation　on　your　opinions　about　this　topic．

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Unit　TwoMilitary　Ethics

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

closeknit/klsnt／　adj．　紧密的，严谨的

integrity/nteｒtｉ／　n．　正直，诚实

ponder/pnd（ｒ）／　v．　仔细考虑，衡量

tight/tat／　adj．　紧密的，严厉的

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions．

1．　What　are　the　seven　values　of　the　Army　according　to　the　video　clip?

2．　How　can　an　officer　or　a　leader　in　general　carry　out　the　seven　core　values　according　to　the　video　clip?

3．　Whats　the　implication　of　the　Seven　Values　of　the　Army　for　you　as　a　cadet　in　the　military　academy?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　or　expressions　youve　heard．

The　Seven　Values　of　the　Army　really　is　（1）　．　Believing　in　loyalty，　honour，　personal　courage，　integrity—all　those　things　are　really　what　makes　us　special　（2）　．　These　seven　Army　values　come　up　every　day．　When　I　get　up　in　the　morning　and　put　on　this　uniform　every　day，　I　think　about　those　seven　Army　values．　Its　not　that　I　sit　there　and　ponder　them；　its　just　putting　on　this　uniform　（3）　．　As　an　officer　or　a　leader　in　general，　youre　trying　to　（4）　．　With　your　soldiers，　you　wanna　try　to　make　sure　that　not　only　theyre　carrying　it　out　but　youre　carrying　it　out　as　well．　Selfless　service，　making　sure　that　you　are　putting　forth　the　same　effort　in　leading　from　the　front　that　your　soldiers　are　doing，　just　all　the　little，　little　things　that　add　up．　Loyalty，　duty，　respect，　selfless　service，　honour，　integrity，　personal　courage，　you　learn　them　when　you　are　in　Basic．　Thats　what　is　expected　of　you　to　make　a　really　closeknit，　tight　group．　Thats　what　you　want　out　of　a　unit：　Its　very　closeknit，　work　with　your　guys　well，　so　（5）　．

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

West　Point　Honour　System

—Its　Objectives　and　Procedures

1The　Honour　System　at　West　Point　is　the　outgrowth　of　many　years　of　development　and　experience．　The　need　for　such　a　system　is　implicit　in　the　mission　of　the　Military　Academy　to　develop　military　leaders．　These　leaders　must　have　strength　of　character　as　well　as　intellectual　and　physical　vigor．

2Honour，　as　it　is　understood　by　the　Corps　of　Cadets,　is　a　fundamental　attribute　of　character．　Honour　is　a　virtue　which　implies　loyalty，　courage，　truthfulness，　selfrespect，　justice　and　generosity．　Its　underlying　principle　is　truth．　It　is　not　a　complicated　system　of　ethics，　but　merely　“honest　dealing　and　clean　thinking．”　If　a　cadet　is　true　in　thought，　word　and　deed，　there　is　no　question　about　his　meeting　the　standards　of　the　Corps．　On　the　other　hand，　quibbling，　evasive　statements，　or　the　use　of　technicalities　to　conceal　guilt　are　not　tolerated　at　West　Point．

3The　Honour　System　is　effective　at　West　Point　because　it　has　the　loyal　support　of　the　authorities　and　of　the　Corps　of　Cadets．　Graduates　in　retrospect　regard　it　as　one　of　the　most　important　instruments　in　the　shaping　of　their　lives．　General　Eisenhower　wrote　to　the　present　superintendent，　“I　think　that　everyone　familiar　with　West　Point　would　instantly　agree　that　the　one　thing　that　has　set　us　definitely　aside　from　every　other　school　in　the　world　is　the　fact　that　for　a　great　number　of　years　it　has　not　only　had　an　Honour　System　but　that　the　System　here　actually　worked．　This　achievement　is　due　to　a　number　of　reasons，　but　two　of　the　most　important　ones　are：　First，　that　the　authorities　of　West　Point　have　consistently　refused　to　take　advantage　of　the　Honour　System　to　detect　or　discover　minor　violations　of　regulations；　and　second，　that　due　to　the　continuity　of　the　Corps　and　of　the　instructional　staff　we　have　succeeded　early　in　the　cadets　career　in　instilling　in　him　a　respect　amounting　to　veneration　for　the　Honour　System．　The　Honour　System　as　a　feature　of　West　Point　seems　to　grow　in　importance　with　a　graduate　as　the　years　secede　until　finally　it　becomes　something　which　he　is　almost　reluctant　to　talk　about—it　occupies　a　position　in　his　mind　akin　to　the　virtue　of　his　mother　or　his　sister．”

4Noteworthy　is　the　fact　that　for　its　success　the　Honour　System　depends　more　upon　the　Corps　of　Cadets　than　upon　the　supervision　of　the　officers．　Each　year　the　cadets　select　from　among　themselves　an　Honour　Committee　for　the　purpose　of　interpreting　the　Honour　System　to　the　Corps　of　Cadets，　explaining　the　principles　upon　which　it　is　based，　and　bringing　honour　violations　into　the　open　in　order　to　get　rid　of　the　guilty　by　constituted　authority．　Years　ago，　this　group　was　a　Vigilance　Committee　operating　outside　the　law　although　frequently　connived　at　by　the　authorities．　In　more　recent　times，　the　Honour　Committee　has　been　set　up　as　a　recognized　and　respected　agency　within　the　Corps　of　Cadets．　Its　procedures　are　codified，　and　its　members　are　clothed　with　responsible　authority．　The　work　of　the　Honour　Committee　includes　the　indoctrination　of　the　new　cadets　in　the　principles　of　the　Honour　Code［1］　and　the　transmission　of　these　principles　from　class　to　class．　It　guards　against　the　appearance　of　practices　inconsistent　with　the　Code．　It　inquires　into　irregularities　of　conduct，　personal　or　official，　which　may　have　been　committed　by　members　of　the　Corps　in　violation　of　the　principles　of　honour．　In　this　latter　respect，　it　acts　as　a　grand　jury　reporting　possible　violations　to　the　Commandant　of　Cadets.　The　Committee　has　no　punitive　powers，　its　functions　being　entirely　investigative　and　advisory．　If　a　cadet　is　reported　to　the　Commandant　by　the　Committee　as　possibly　guilty　of　an　honour　violation，　the　Commandant　then　sets　in　motion　all　the　official　machinery　to　make　a　careful　investigation　of　the　facts．　In　the　course　of　this　investigation，　the　legal　rights　of　the　cadet　are　protected　in　accordance　with　the　prescriptions　of　military　law．

5Although　there　are　many　cadet　regulations　which　are　related　to　the　Honour　System，　the　System　has　never　outgrown　its　simple　meaning—that　a　cadet　will　neither　lie，　cheat,　nor　steal．　A　cadets　spoken　or　written　word　must　always　be　acceptable　without　question．　For　their　part，　the　authorities　are　careful　not　to　use　the　Honour　System　to　prevent　the　violation　of　regulations．　Only　if　a　cadet　indicates　by　a　statement　that　he　has　complied　or　will　comply　with　a　particular　regulation　does　the　Honour　System　enter　into　consideration．　When　such　a　statement　is　made，　it　must，　of　course，　be　true．　Sometimes　a　cadet　is　required　to　give　a　promise　to　comply　with　regulations　in　exchange　for　a　privilege．　For　example，　a　cadet　taking　advantage　of　a　dining　privilege　is　required　to　sign　his　departure　and　return　in　a　book．　His　signature　means　that　he　has　taken　no　undue　advantage　of　the　privilege　during　his　absence　from　barracks.　If　he　is　not　willing　to　enter　into　this　promise，　he　does　not　receive　the　privilege．　Having　once　accepted　the　privilege，　he　is　honour　bound　to　report　himself　for　any　violation　which　he　commits　while　absent　from　barracks．

6In　another　situation，　a　cadets　simple　word　is　taken　in　lieu　of　a　complicated　official　report．　For　example，　a　cadet　crossing　a　sentry　post　tells　the　sentry,　“All　right．”　“All　right”　in　this　case　means　that　he　has　legitimate　business　for　crossing　the　post　and　is　not　going　to　take　undue　advantage　of　the　privilege．　The　phrase　is　elsewhere　used　in　a　variety　of　circumstances　as　an　official　formula　with　a　specified　meaning．　For　example，　“All　right”　may　be　used　as　the　oral　report　of　a　cadet　who　has　just　performed　a　specific　duty，　or　as　an　indication　that　the　authorized　occupants　of　a　room　are　present　at　a　given　inspection．　The　system　of　“All　right”　is　carefully　explained　to　all　new　cadets　so　that　there　can　be　no　mistake　about　its　significance．

7Cadets　who　are　found　guilty　of　violations　of　the　Honour　Code　are　either　allowed　to　resign　or　required　to　stand　trial　by　courtmartial.　Cases　of　trial　are　comparatively　rare，　for　most　erring　cadets　prefer　to　leave　the　Academy　quietly．　Records　of　all　alleged　violations　in　which　the　evidence　does　not　warrant　trial　are　kept　in　a　confidential　file　as　long　as　the　cadet　remains　at　the　Academy．　When　he　leaves，　this　file　is　destroyed．

8The　Honour　System　is　an　essential　element　in　the　character　molding　which　goes　on　at　the　Military　Academy．　It　is　a　vital　influence　in　the　daytoday　life　of　every　cadet．　Instances　are　constantly　occurring　which　show　how　much　the　system　means　to　the　Corps．　Cadets　are　constantly　reporting　themselves　for　unintentional　violations　of　the　Honour　System．　A　cadet　may　be　reported　by　one　of　his　closest　friends　for　an　honour　violation　because　the　men　of　the　Corps　feel　that　the　Honour　Code　is　bigger　than　any　individual　or　any　personal　friendship．　A　few　years　ago　a　foreign　cadet　became　involved　in　an　honour　violation　and　resigned．　Three　years　later　when　his　former　class　was　approaching　graduation　at　West　Point，　he　returned　at　his　own　expense　and　called　upon　the　Superintendent．　He　recalled　the　circumstances　of　his　resignation，　explaining　that　after　leaving　West　Point　he　had　meditated　deeply　upon　his　offense．　As　a　form　of　reparation，　he　had　decided　to　dedicate　himself　to　the　cause　of　developing　in　the　schools　of　his　own　country　standards　of　honour　comparable　to　those　at　West　Point．　Becoming　an　instructor　at　his　own　nations　Military　Academy，　he　founded　an　Honour　System　like　the　one　he　had　known　as　a　cadet．　He　came　back　to　West　Point　to　appear　before　the　Honour　Committee　once　more　and　to　report　upon　his　work　abroad.This　work,　he　hoped,would　make　amends　for　the　offense　that　he　had　formerly　committed　against　the　standards　of　honour　of　West　Point.

9For　all　who　have　had　contact　with　the　Honour　System　at　West　Point，　the　influence　of　this　way　of　life　has　been　marked　and　lasting，　and　the　devotion　of　the　Corps　of　Cadets　to　the　Honour　System　continues　to　be　very　real　and　deeply　rooted．

（1，353　words）

NOTES

Honour　Code荣誉准则West　Points　Cadet　Honor　Code　reads　simply　that　“A　cadet　will　not　lie,　cheat,　steal,　or　tolerate　those　who　do.”

MILITARY　TERMS

barracks/bｒkｓ／　n．　［pl．］　兵营，营房

Commandant　of　Cadets军校训练长（西点军校负责军事训练部门的最高长官）

confidential/knfdenl／　adj．　秘密的，机密的

Corps　of　Cadets西点军校学员旅

courtmartial军事法庭

sentry/sentｒＩ／　n．　哨兵，警卫

superintendent/ｓｊｕｐｒｉｎｔｅｎｄｎｔ／　n．　（陆海军学校等的）校长

NEW　WORDS

attribute/tｒbjｕt／　n．　quality　regarded　as　a　natural　or　typical　part　of　sb．／sth．　属性，（人或物的）特征

codify/kdfa／　vt．　arrange　（laws，　rules，　etc．）　systematically　into　a　code　将（法律、规则等）编成法典

connive/knav／　vi．　disregard　or　seem　to　allow　（a　wrong　action）　视若无睹，默许，纵容

evasive/vesv／　adj．　having　the　aim　or　intention　of　avoiding　capture，　of　not　giving　a　direct　answer，　etc．　逃避的，推托的

implicit/mplst／　adj．　virtually　contained　内含的，固有的

indoctrination/ndktｒnen／　n．　teaching　someone　to　accept　doctrines　灌输

outgrowth/atｒ／　n．　natural　development　or　result　自然的发展或结果

punitive/pjuntv／　adj．　intended　as　punishment　处罚的，惩罚性的

quibble/kwbl／　vi．　argue　about　对……诡辩

reparation/ｒepｒen／　n．　compensating　for　damage　补偿，弥补

secede/ssｉd／　vi．　withdraw　（from　membership　of　an　organization，　state，　etc.）　退出，脱离（组织等）

technicality/teknkltｉ／　n．　detail　of　no　real　importance不重要的细节

veneration/venｒen／　n．　deep　respect崇敬，崇拜

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1．　be　akin　tosimilar；　related　类似，相当于

2．　be　clothed　withbe　empowered　to　do　sth．　使具有权力（或特性），赋予（权力，特性等）

3．　comply　withdo　as　one　is　requested，　commanded，　etc．；　obey　遵从，顺从，服从

4．　guard　againstuse　care　and　caution　to　prevent　sth．　预防，提防

5．　honour　bound　(to　do　sth.)required　to　do　sth.　as　a　moral　duty　but　not　by　law　道义上应做某事的，理应做的（非硬性规定的）

6．　in　lieu　（of　sth．）instead　（of）　代替

7．　in　retrospectlooking　back　on　a　past　event　or　situation　回顾，追溯

8．　instill　sth．　（in／into　sb．）cause　sb．　gradually　to　acquire　（a　particular　desirable　quality）　逐渐使某人获得（某种可取的品质），逐步灌输

9．　make　amends　forcompensate　sb．　（for　an　insult　or　injury　given　in　the　past）（对所施加侮辱或损害）赔偿某人

10．　meditate　uponthink　deeply，　esp．　about　spiritual　matters　深思，沉思，冥想（尤指精神方面的问题）

11．　set　sth．　in　motioncause　sth．　to　start　moving　or　operating　使某物开始运动或运转

12．　stand　trial　（for　sth．）be　tried　in　a　lawcourt　受审判

PROPER　NAMES

Honour　Committee荣誉委员会

the　Honour　System荣誉制度

Vigilance/vdlns／　Committee　警戒会，保安委员会

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions：　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text．

1．　What　effects　does　the　Honour　System　exert　on　cadets?

2．　What　is　Honour　Committee　responsible　for?

3．　What　will　be　done　if　a　cadet　is　found　possibly　guilty　of　an　honour　violation?　And　what　about　the　cadets　who　are　found　guilty　of　an　honour　violation?

4．　What　does　“All　right”　mean　when　a　cadet　crossing　a　sentry　post　tells　it　to　the　sentry?

5．　How　did　the　foreign　cadet　who　was　involved　in　an　honour　violation　and　resigned　compensate　for　his　offense?

Section　B

Directions：　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement．

1．　In　addition　to　intellectual　and　physical　capability，　the　military　leaders　West　Point　cultivates　must　have　strength　of　character．

2．　The　Honour　System　has　distinguished　West　Point　from　every　other　school　in　the　world，　according　to　General　Eisenhower．

3．　The　Honour　Committee　has　been　a　recognized　and　respected　agency　within　the　Corps　of　Cadets．

4．　The　Honour　Committee　is　empowered　to　punish　the　cadets　who　are　found　guilty　of　violations　of　the　Honour　Code．

5．　Even　if　a　cadet　suspects　his　closest　friend　of　an　honour　violation，　he　may　not　report　him　or　her　to　the　Honour　Committee．

6．　The　authorities　make　use　of　the　Honour　System　to　prevent　cadets　from　violating　regulations．

7．　Most　of　the　cadets　who　are　found　guilty　of　violations　of　the　Honour　Code　are　willing　to　stand　trial　since　they　think　they　have　committed　an　offense．

8．　Everyone　familiar　with　the　Honour　System　at　West　Point　is　greatly　influenced　by　it．

Ⅱ．　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below．　Make　changes　where　necessary．

reparation

evasive

implicit

codify

punitive

confidential

outgrowth

attribute

indoctrination

veneration

1．　During　military　you　will　be　taught　basic　military　customs　and　courtesies,basic　uniform　assembly　and　requirements,　inspection　procedures　and　training　requirements．

2．　He　began　to　sneak　into　the　U．S．　militarys　database，　hoping　to　find　information　on　aliens．

3．　A　expedition　is　a　military　journey　undertaken　to　punish　a　state　or　any　group　of　persons　outside　the　borders　of　the　punishing　state．

4．　There　is　deep　resentment　over　the　of　Japanese　war　veterans　in　the　Yasukuni　Shrine（靖国神社），　where　a　number　of　war　criminals　are　enshrined（入庙祀奉）．

5．　A　soldier　must　give　obedience　to　his　officers．

6．　In　the　decades　following　the　war，　the　international　community　continued　to　expand　on　and　the　laws　of　war　and　the　basic　inalienable（不能剥夺的）　rights　of　all　peoples．

7．　Three　U.S.　Navy　vessels　took　actions　after　five　Iranian　boats　buzzed　the　ships　transiting　the　straits　of　Hormuz．

8．　China　paid　staggering（令人吃惊的）　21　million　tael（银两）　of　silver　as　war　when　the　British　defeated　China　in　the　First　Opium　War．

9．　The　report　identifies　and　describes　some　of　the　critical　of　groups　or　individuals　who　might　carry　out　criminal　actions　against　U．S．　nuclear　programs．

10．　The　Weinberger　Doctrine（温伯格原则）　was　an　of　the　collective　lessons　learned　from　the　Vietnam　War　and　the　desire　of　the　U．S．　government　to　avoid　such　quagmires（困境）　in　the　future．

Section　B

Directions：　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets．

1．　After　the　war，　the　new　German　government　decided　to　Hitlers　crimes．（补偿）

2．　A　U．S．　soldier　accused　of　killing　five　fellow　servicemen　at　a　military　combat　stress　center　in　Baghdad　in　2009　has　been　ordered　to　in　a　U．S．　military　court，　officials　said　on　Friday．（受审判）

3．　European　governments　have　taken　action　to　terrorist　attack，　and　some　have　spoken　publicly　about　the　heightened　threat　conditions．（防止，防范）

4．　God　promises　if　we　will　His　word　day　and　night　and　obey　it，　then　we　will　make　our　way　prosperous　and　then　we　will　have　good　success．（深思，沉思）

5．　，　the　manipulation　of　a　war　between　Iran　and　Iraq　to　weaken　both　states　seems　to　be　strategic　planning　in　preparation　for　future　military　operations　against　them．（回顾，追溯）

6．　The　U．N．　action　on　Syria　should　the　purposes　and　principles　of　the　U．N．　Charter　and　the　basic　norms　guiding　international　relations．（服从，遵守）

7．　The　team　leader　of　the　allinone　joint　logistics　support　reform　pilot　program　of　the　Jinan　Military　Area　Command　declared　that　the　allinone　joint　logistics　support　system　is　officially　．（使某物开始运转）

8．

Basic　training　has　been　overhauled　to　the　warrior　ethos　every　new　recruit—with　more　time　devoted　to　the　skills　needed　to　survive　and　succeed　on　todays　battlefield:marksmanship,　physical　fitness,urban　warfare　and　much　more.

Ⅲ．　Reading　Practice

Directions：　Read　the　passage　through　carefully　and　select　one　word　for　each　blank　from　a　list　of　choices　given　in　the　following　word　bank．　You　may　not　use　any　of　the　words　in　the　bank　more　than　once．

（A）　hesitation

（B）　fueled

（C）　agendas

（D）　moral

（E）　selfish

（F）　contradict

（G）　compromise

（H）　secondary

（I）　dedication

（J）　required

（K）　entrusted

（L）　innovation

（M）　paramount

（N）　coincide

（O）　essential

Integrity，　service　and　excellence．　These　simple　words　epitomize（概括）　the　core　values　of　our　military　profession．

The　foundation　is　integrity，　fortified（增强）　by　a　commitment　to　the　service　of　our　country，　and　（1）　by　a　drive　in　excellence　in　all　that　we　do．　The　Air　Force　recognizes　integrity　first，　service　before　self，　and　excellence　as　its　core　values．　These　are　values　every　member　must　believe　in，　and　more　importantly，　must　live　by．

We　start　with　integrity　because　it　is　the　（2）　element　or　the　foundation　on　which　other　values　are　built．　Its　being　honest　with　others　as　well　as　with　yourself，　and　doing　whats　right　at　all　times．　Integrity　remains　the　very　bedrock　of　the　military　profession．　Servicemembers　possessing　integrity　will　always　do　whats　right，　regardless　of　the　circumstances，　even　when　no　one　is　looking．　They　will　make　no　（3）　in　being　honest　in　small　things　as　well　as　great　ones．

Next　is　our　military　service—an　uncommon　profession—that　calls　for　people　with　an　enduring　commitment　and　（4）　to　the　mission．　It　requires　us　to　have　a　sense　to　service　before　self．　Each　member　must　realize　his　or　her　needs　are　（5）　to　the　needs　of　our　great　country．　This　is　a　24houraday　commitment，　and　one　that　requires　many　personal　sacrifices．　Personal　goals　are　important　and　often　（6）　with　air　force　goals．　However，　there　is　no　room　for　personal　（7）　that　interfere　with　the　needs　of　the　U．S．　Air　Force　or　the　interests　of　our　government．

This　brings　us　to　excellence，　our　third　core　value．　Military　members　have　been　（8）　by　all　Americans　with　our　nations　security．　This　encompasses　many　things，　among　which　is　the　care　of　the　resources　of　our　nation，　the　most　treasured　of　which　are　the　lives　of　those　who　serve．　This　makes　competence　or　excellence　in　all　things　we　do　（9）　．　Doing　the　very　best　you　can　is　not　just　a　professional　obligation，　its　a（n）　（10）　one　as　well．

Integrity　first，　service　before　self，　and　excellence　in　all　things　we　do．　These　core　values　serve　as　our　road　map　and　set　the　standard　for　our　behavior．　They　serve　to　remind　us　of　the　importance　of　the　profession　we　have　chosen，　the　oath　we　took，　and　the　demands　placed　upon　us　as　members　of　the　profession　at　arms．　Learn　these　lessons　well．　They　will　serve　you　well　in　your　professional　career　and　your　personal　life．

Ⅳ．　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese．

In　most　cases，　servicemen　and　women　learn　about　military　ethics　as　soon　as　they　enroll　in　the　military．　During　military　training，　or　“boot　camp，”　there　are　certain　ethical　guidelines　that　are　reinforced　and　instilled　in　service　members．　Some　of　the　most　common　military　ethics　include　concepts　that　involve　responsibility，　honour，　trust，　accountability　and　loyalty．　During　basic　military　training，　service　members　learn　what　these　ethics　mean　to　the　military　and　are　required　to　abide　by　them　to　remain　in　the　military．　Eventually，　military　ethics　become　a　part　of　military　life　and　become　habitual　standards　that　servicemen　and　women　live　by．

Section　B

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English．

不欺骗。西点认为，如果学生为自身利益采取欺骗行为，或帮别人这样做以期获得不正当的利益，就是以欺骗行为违反了荣誉准则。西点认为学员的“欺骗”包括：剽窃（不加证明地引用别人的观点、别人的话、别人的材料或工作，占为己有）；不正当的表现（在作业的准备、修改或校对中得到别人的帮助而不加以说明）；未经允许使用他人笔记等。

Ⅴ．　Writing　Practice

Directions：　Write　a　summary　of　text　A　with　no　less　than　200　words　following　the　outline　given　below．

1．　西点军校荣誉的内涵；

2．　荣誉委员会的职责及运作方式；

3．　荣誉制度对学员日常生活的影响。

Text　B

Military　Orders

—To　Obey　or　Not　to　Obey

1When　one　enlists　in　the　United　States　Military，　active　duty　or　reserve，　they　take　the　following　oath：

I　do　solemnly　swear（or　affirm）　that　I　will　support　and　defend　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States　against　all　enemies，　foreign　and　domestic；　that　I　will　bear　true　faith　and　allegiance　to　the　same；　and　that　I　will　obey　the　orders　of　the　President　of　the　United　States　and　the　orders　of　the　officers　appointed　over　me，　according　to　regulations　and　the　Uniform　Code　of　Military　Justice［1］．

2National　Guard　enlisted　members　take　a　similar　oath，　except　they　also　swear　to　obey　the　orders　of　the　Governor　of　their　state．

3Officers，　upon　commission，　swear　to　the　following：

I　do　solemnly　swear　that　I　will　support　and　defend　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States　against　all　enemies，　foreign　and　domestic；　that　I　will　bear　true　faith　and　allegiance　to　the　same；　that　I　take　this　obligation　freely，　without　any　mental　reservation　or　purpose　of　evasion；　and　that　I　will　well　and　faithfully　discharge　the　duties　of　the　office　on　which　I　am　about　to　enter．

4Military　discipline　and　effectiveness　is　built　on　the　foundation　of　obedience　to　orders．　Recruits　are　taught　to　obey，　immediately　and　without　question，　orders　from　their　superiors，　right　from　dayone　of　boot　camp.

5Military　members　who　fail　to　obey　the　lawful　orders　of　their　superiors　risk　serious　consequences．　Article　90　of　the　Uniform　Code　of　Military　Justice　（UCMJ）　makes　it　a　crime　for　a　military　member　to　willfully　disobey　a　superior　commissioned　officer．　Article　91　makes　it　a　crime　to　willfully　disobey　a　superior　Noncommissioned　or　Warrant　Officer．　Article　92　makes　it　a　crime　to　disobey　any　lawful　order（the　disobedience　does　not　have　to　be　“willful”　under　this　article）．

6In　fact，　under　Article　90，　during　times　of　war，　a　military　member　who　willfully　disobeys　a　superior　commissioned　officer　can　be　sentenced　to　death．

7Seems　like　pretty　good　motivation　to　obey　any　order　youre　given，　right?　Nope．　These　articles　require　the　obedience　of　lawful　orders．　An　order　which　is　unlawful　not　only　does　not　need　to　be　obeyed，　but　obeying　such　an　order　can　result　in　criminal　prosecution　of　the　one　who　obeys　it．　Military　courts　have　long　held　that　military　members　are　accountable　for　their　actions　even　while　following　orders—if　the　order　was　illegal．

8“I　was　only　following　orders”　has　been　unsuccessfully　used　as　a　legal　defense　in　hundreds　of　cases（probably　most　notably　by　Nazi　leaders　at　the　Nuremberg　tribunals　following　World　War　Ⅱ）．　The　defense　didnt　work　for　them，　nor　has　it　worked　in　hundreds　of　cases　since．

9The　first　recorded　case　of　a　United　States　Military　officer　using　the　“I　was　only　following　orders”　defense　dates　back　to　1799．　During　the　war　with　France，　Congress　passed　a　law　making　it　permissible　to　seize　ships　bound　to　any　French　port．　However，　when　President　John　Adams　wrote　the　order　to　authorize　the　U．S．　Navy　to　do　so，　he　wrote　that　Navy　ships　were　authorized　to　seize　any　vessel　bound　for　a　French　port，　or　traveling　from　a　French　port．　Pursuant　to　the　Presidents　instructions，　a　U．S．　Navy　captain　seized　a　Danish　Ship（the　Flying　Fish），　which　was　en　route　from　a　French　port．　The　owners　of　the　ship　sued　the　Navy　captain　in　U．S．　maritime　court　for　trespass．　They　won　and　the　United　States　Supreme　Court　upheld　the　decision．　The　U．S．　Supreme　Court　held　that　Navy　commanders　“act　at　their　own　peril　”　when　obeying　presidential　orders　when　such　orders　are　illegal．

10The　Vietnam　War　presented　the　United　States　military　courts　with　more　cases　of　the　“I　was　only　following　orders”　defense　than　any　previous　conflict．　The　decisions　during　these　cases　reaffirmed　that　following　manifestly　illegal　orders　is　not　a　viable　defense　from　criminal　prosecution．　In　United　States　v．　Keenan，　the　accused（Keenan）　was　found　guilty　of　murder　after　he　obeyed　in　order　to　shoot　and　kill　an　elderly　Vietnamese　citizen．　The　Court　of　Military　Appeals　held　that　“the　justification　for　acts　done　pursuant　to　orders　does　not　exist　if　the　order　was　of　such　a　nature　that　a　man　of　ordinary　sense　and　understanding　would　know　it　to　be　illegal．”　（Interestingly，　the　soldier　who　gave　Keenan　the　order，　Corporal　Luczko，　was　acquitted　by　reason　of　insanity．）

11Probably　the　most　famous　case　of　the　“I　was　only　following　orders”　defense　was　the　courtmartial（and　conviction　for　premeditated　murder）　of　First　Lieutenant　William　Calley　for　his　part　in　the　My　Lai　Massacre　［2］on　March　16，　1968．　The　military　court　rejected　Calleys　argument　of　obeying　the　order　of　his　superiors．　On　March　29，　1971，　Calley　was　sentenced　to　life　in　prison．　However，　the　public　outcry　in　the　United　States　following　this　very　publicized　and　controversial　trial　was　such　that　President　Nixon　granted　him　clemency．　Calley　wound　up　spending　three　and　a　half　years　under　house　arrest　at　Fort　Benning　Georgia，　where　a　federal　judge　ultimately　ordered　his　release．

12In　2004，　the　military　began　courtmartials　of　several　military　members　deployed　to　Iraq　for　mistreating　prisoners　and　detainees．　Several　members　claimed　that　they　were　only　following　the　orders　of　military　intelligence　officials．　Unfortunately（for　them），　that　defense　wont　fly．　The　mistreatment　of　prisoners　is　a　crime　under　both　international　law　and　the　Uniform　Code　of　Military　Justice（see　Article　93—Cruelty　and　Maltreatment）．

13Its　clear，　under　military　law，　that　military　members　can　be　held　accountable　for　crimes　committed　under　the　guise　of　“obeying　orders，”　and　there　is　no　requirement　to　obey　orders　which　are　unlawful．　However，　heres　the　rub：　A　military　member　disobeys　such　orders　at　his／her　own　peril．　Ultimately，　its　not　whether　or　not　the　military　member　thinks　the　order　is　illegal　or　unlawful，　its　whether　military　superiors（and　courts）　think　the　order　was　illegal　or　unlawful．

14Take　the　case　of　Michael　New．　In　1995，　Spec4　Michael　New　was　serving　with　the　1／15　Battalion　of　the　3rd　Infantry　Division　of　the　U．S．　Army　at　Schweinfurt，　Germany．　When　assigned　as　part　of　a　multinational　peacekeeping　mission　about　to　be　deployed　to　Macedonia，　Spec4　New　and　the　other　soldiers　in　his　unit　were　ordered　to　wear　United　Nations（U．N．）　Helmets　and　arm　bands．　New　refused　the　order，　contending　that　it　was　an　illegal　order．　News　superiors　disagreed．　Ultimately，　so　did　the　courtmartial　panel．　New　was　found　guilty　of　disobeying　a　lawful　order　and　sentenced　to　a　bad　conduct　discharge［3］．　The　Army　Court　of　Criminal　Appeals　upheld　the　conviction，　as　did　the　Court　of　Appeals　of　the　Armed　Forces．

15What　about　an　order　to　participate　in　a　dangerous　mission?　Can　the　military　legally　order　one　to　go　on　a　“suicide　mission”?　You　bet　they　can．

16In　October，　2004，　the　Army　announced　that　they　were　investigating　up　to　19　members　of　a　platoon　from　the　343rd　Quartermaster　Company　based　in　Rock　Hill，　South　Carolina，　for　refusing　to　transport　supplies　in　a　dangerous　area　of　Iraq．

17According　to　family　members，　some　of　the　troops　thought　the　mission　was　“too　dangerous”　because　their　vehicles　were　unarmored　（or　had　little　armor），　and　the　route　they　were　scheduled　to　take　is　one　of　the　most　dangerous　in　Iraq．

18According　to　reports，　these　members　simply　failed　to　show　up　for　the　predeparture　briefing　for　the　mission．

19Can　they　be　punished　for　this?　They　certainly　can．　An　order　to　perform　a　dangerous　mission　is　lawful，　because　its　not　an　order　to　commit　a　crime．　Under　current　law　and　the　Manual　for　CourtsMartial［4］，　“An　order　requiring　the　performance　of　a　military　duty　or　act　may　be　inferred　to　be　lawful　and　it　is　disobeyed　at　the　peril　of　the　subordinate．　This　inference　does　not　apply　to　a　patently　illegal　order，　such　as　one　that　directs　the　commission　of　a　crime．”

20In　fact，　if　it　can　be　shown　that　one　or　more　of　the　soldiers　influenced　others　to　disobey，　they　may　find　the　crime　of　Mutiny,　under　Article　94　added　to　the　list　of　charges．　Mutiny　carries　the　death　penalty，　even　in　“peace　time．”

21So，　to　obey，　or　not　to　obey?　It　depends　on　the　order．　Military　members　disobey　orders　at　their　own　risk．　They　also　obey　orders　at　their　own　risk．　An　order　to　commit　a　crime　is　unlawful．　An　order　to　perform　a　military　duty，　no　matter　how　dangerous,　is　lawful，　as　long　as　it　doesnt　involve　commission　of　a　crime．

（1，378　words）

NOTES

［1］　the　Uniform　Code　of　Military　Justice《军事审判统一法典》　the　foundation　of　military　law　in　the　United　States．　It　was　established　by　the　United　States　Congress　in　accordance　with　the　authority　given　by　the　United　States　Constitution　in　Article　Ⅰ，　Section　8，　which　provides　that　“The　Congress　shall　have　power．．．　To　make　Rules　for　the　Government　and　Regulation　of　the　land　and　naval　forces．”

［2］　My　Lai　Massacre美莱村屠杀the　Vietnam　War　mass　murder　of　between　347　and　504　unarmed　civilians　in　South　Vietnam　on　March　16，　1968，　by　United　States　Army　soldiers　of　“Charlie”　Company（三连）　of　1st　Battalion，　20th　Infantry　Regiment，　11th　Brigade　of　the　American　Division（亚美利加师）．　Most　of　the　victims　were　women，　children，　infants　and　elderly　people．

［3］　bad　conduct　discharge因品德不端被勒令退伍A　bad　conduct　discharge　can　only　be　given　by　a　courtmartial（either　Special　or　General）　as　punishment　to　an　enlisted　servicemember．　Bad　conduct　discharges　are　often　preceded　by　a　period　of　confinement（禁闭）　in　a　military　prison．　The　discharge　itself　is　not　executed　until　the　completion　of　both　confinement　and　the　appellate（受理上述的）　review　process．

［4］　Manual　for　CourtsMartial《军事法庭手册》　the　official　guide　to　the　conduct　of　courtsmartial　in　the　United　States　military．　An　Executive　Order［（美国总统颁布的具有法律效能的）行政命令］　of　the　President　of　the　United　States，　the　Manual　for　CourtsMartial(MCM)　details　and　expands　on　the　military　law　in　the　Uniform　Code　of　Military　Justice．

MILITARY　TERMS

1/15　Battalion　of　the　3rd　Infantry　Division　of　the　U.S.　Army美国陆军第三步兵师第一营及第十五营

343rd　Quartermaster/kwtmst（r）／

Company　第343军需连

arm　band臂章

boot　camp［口］　新兵训练中心，新兵营

briefing/bｒｉf／　n．（军事行动前的）下达简令

discharge/dstd／　n．　退伍，退役

mutiny/mjutnｉ／　n．　兵变，哗变

National　Guard［美］　国民警卫队

Spec4(Specialist4)　四级专业军士

NEW　WORDS

acquit/kwt／　vt．　declare　sb．　to　be　not　guilty　（of　a　crime，　etc．）　宣告某人无罪

allegiance/lｉdns／　n．　support　of　or　loyalty　to　a　government，　ruler，　cause，　etc．　（对政府、统治者、事业等的）拥护，忠诚

clemency/klemnsi／　n．　mercy　（esp．　when　punishing　sb．）　仁慈（尤指惩罚某人时）

contend/kntend／　vt．　put　forward（sth．）　as　ones　opinion；　argue；　assert　主张（某事物），争辩，认为

conviction/knvkn／　n．　a　final　judgement　of　guilty　in　a　criminal　case　定罪，宣布有罪

detainee/dｉtenｉ／　n．　someone　held　in　custody　被拘留者

en　route/ｎｒut／　adv．　on　the　way　在路上，在中途

evasion/ven／　n．　keeping　out　of　the　way　of　sb．；　avoidance　躲避，规避，逃避

fly/flaＩ/　vt.　flee　from(sb./sth.)　从某人（某物）处逃走

massacre/msk（ｒ）／　n．　cruel　killing　of　a　large　number　（of　people　or　animals）　大屠杀

nope/np／　interj．　no!　不!

outcry/atkｒa／　n．　strong　public　protest　公开的强烈抗议

patently/petntlｉ／　adv．　unmistakably；　obviously　明白无误地，明显地

peril/peｒl／　n．　serious　danger　（esp．　of　death）　严重危险（尤指死亡中）

premeditated/pｒｉmedtetd／　adj．　characterized　by　deliberate　purpose，　previous　consideration　and　some　degree　of　planning　预想的，预谋的

prosecution/prskjun／　n．　the　institution　and　conduct　of　legal　proceedings　against　a　defendant　for　criminal　behaviour（被）检举，（被）告发，（被）起诉

pursuant/psjunt／　adj．　proceeding　from　and　conformable　to依照的

sue/su／　vt．　make　a　legal　claim（against　sb．）　控告（某人），（对某人提起）诉讼

the　rub/ｒb／　n．　difficulty　or　drawback　困难，障碍

trespass/tｒesps／　n．　entry　to　anothers　property　without　right　or　permission　非法侵入

tribunal/tｒabjunl／　n．　group　of　officials　with　the　authority　to　settle　certain　types　of　dispute　（被授权解决某种纠纷的）审理团,特别法庭

uphold/phld／　vt．　support　（a　decision，　etc．）　against　attack　维护，支持（决定等）

viable/vabl／　adj．　sound　and　workable；　feasible　切实可行的,可实施的

willfully/wlflｉ／　adv．　deliberately，　intentionally　蓄意地，故意地

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1．　at　ones　perilwith　a　risk　of　harm　to　oneself　（esp．　when　advising　sb．　not　to　do　sth．）　冒险（尤用于劝某人不做某事）

2.　pursuant　toin　conformance　to　or　agreement　with　依据，依照

3.　under　house　arrestdetention　in　ones　own　house,　not　in　prison　受到软禁

4．　under　the　guise　ofunder　cover　of　在……的幌子下（假借，假装）

5．　wind　upfinish结束，终止

PROPER　NAMES

Army　Court　of　Criminal　Appeals美国陆军刑事上诉法院

Court　of　Appeals　of　the　Armed　Forces武装力量上诉法院

Court　of　Military　Appeals军事上诉法庭

Fort　Benning（佐治亚州的）贝宁堡基地

Macedonia/msdnj／　马其顿共和国，马其顿地区（希腊北部）

Nuremberg纽伦堡（德国东南部的一座城市）

Rock　Hill罗克希尔(美国南卡罗来纳州北部一城市)

Schweinfurt施韦因富特(德国中部城市)

the　United　States　Supreme　Court美国最高法院

United　States　v.　Keenan美国诉基南案

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text．

1．　According　to　the　passage，　which　of　the　following　statements　is　NOT　true　about　obedience　to　orders　from　the　superiors?

（A）　An　enlisted　member　swears　to　obey　the　orders　of　the　officers　appointed　over　him　or　her．

（B）　Military　members　are　taught　to　obey　orders　from　their　superiors，　immediately　and　without　question．

（C）　Article　90，　91　and　92　of　UCMJ　prescribe　that　it　is　a　crime　to　willfully　disobey　any　lawful　order．

（D）　A　military　member　can　be　sentenced　to　death　if　he　fails　to　obey　the　lawful　orders　of　his　superiors　during　the　war　time．

2．　How　many　examples　are　listed　in　which　the　defense　“I　was　only　following　orders”　didnt　work?

（A）　3（B）　4（C）　5（D）　6

3．　What　happened　to　First　Lieutenant　William　Calley?

（A）　President　Nixon　was　annoyed　with　Calleys　crime．

（B）　The　courtmartial　held　that　Calley　disobeyed　the　orders　of　his　superiors．

（C）　The　public　was　indifferent　to　Calleys　case．

（D）　Calley　was　released　after　being　put　in　prison　for　several　years．

4．　Why　does　the　author　say　a　military　member　takes　risks　when　he　or　she　disobeys　orders?

（A）　Because　he　or　she　is　not　accountable　for　his　or　her　action．

（B）　Because　its　military　superiors　and　courts　that　decide　whether　the　order　was　illegal　or　not．

（C）　Because　a　military　member　is　not　allowed　to　question　his　or　her　superiors．

（D）　Because　there　is　something　wrong　with　his　or　her　ordinary　sense　and　understanding．

5．　What　is　the　message　the　author　intends　to　convey?

（A）　Military　members　should　obey　orders，　no　matter　whether　they　are　lawful　or　not．

（B）　Whether　military　members　should　obey　or　disobey　the　order　rests　on　the　order　itself．

（C）　The　subordinates　are　allowed　to　disobey　orders　if　the　mission　is　dangerous．

（D）　When　one　or　more　soldiers　influence　others　to　disobey，　the　order　is　proved　to　be　illegal．

Ⅱ．　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B．　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given．

1．　Enlistees　are　required　to　sign　the　enlistment　agreement　and，　in　most　cases，　to　take　the　oath　of　a．

2．　Top　officers　of　Unit　731　were　not　p　for　war　crimes　after　the　war，　in　exchange　for　turning　over　the　results　of　their　research　to　the　Allies．

3．　SERE　is　a　military　acronym　for　Survival，　E，　Resistance，　and　Escape，　a　program　that　provides　military　personnel，　Department　of　Defense　civilians　and　private　military　contractors　with　training　in　evading　capture，　survival　skills　and　the　military　code　of　conduct（行为准则）．

4．　Five　years　on，　the　worlds　one　and　only　superpower　has　not　found　a　tangible（切实的）　way　to　reconstruct　the　warravaged（受战争破坏的）　country　and　a　v　exit　from　it．

5．　Sergeant　Javal　S．　Davis　was　charged　with　dereliction（玩忽职守）　of　duty　for　w　failing　to　protect　detainees　from　abuse，　cruelty　and　maltreatment．

6．　Service　members　holding　a　blue　d　were　subjected　to　discrimination　in　civilian　life，　such　as　having　difficulty　in　finding　work．

7．　Germanys　president　has　refused　a　c　request　from　a　former　leftwing　terrorist　who　took　part　in　killings　carried　out　by　the　notorious　Red　Army　Faction［红军派（德国的恐怖组织）］　three　decades　ago．

8．　President　Ma　Yingjeou　called　on　all　senior　officers　to　u　the　militarys　honour　and　integrity　while　eradicating（根除）　deception　and　fraud．

9．　A　secret　blueprint　for　U.S.　global　domination　reveals　that　President　Bush　and　his　cabinet　were　planning　a　p　attack　on　Iraq　to　secure　“regime　change”　even　before　he　took　power　in　January，　2001．

10．　With　Iranian　Presidents　announcement　that　his　country　intends　to　build　10　new　uranium　enrichment（铀浓缩）　facilities，　it　should　now　be　p　clear　that　the　effort　to　dissuade　Iran　from　developing　nuclear　weapons　has　failed．

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below．　Change　the　form　where　necessary．

take　an　oath

at　ones　peril

be　bound　to

date　back　to

under　the　guise　of

be　scheduled　to

wind　up

be　guilty　of

1．　The　frequent　occurrence　of　war　cause　great　damage　to　society．

2．　The　Netherlands　is　regarded　to　be　one　of　the　countries　that　have　maintained　the　oldest　standing　army，　the　16th　century．

3．　An　Australian　detainee　held　by　U．S．　authorities　at　Guantanamo　Bay（关塔那摩湾），　Cuba，　be　formally　charged　with　providing　material　support　for　terrorism　in　a　preliminary　hearing　Monday．

4．　Chinese　soldiers　in　front　of　a　Chinese　Communist　Party（CCP）　flag　in　Wuhan，　central　Chinas　Hubei　province．

5．　The　troops　from　Britain，　the　United　States，　Romania　and　Hungary　a　sixday　military　exercise　on　Friday　in　Romanias　Black　Sea　city　of　Constanta．

6．　An　individual　criminal　may　genocide（种族灭绝）　even　if　he　kills　only　one　person，　so　long　as　he　knew　he　was　participating　in　a　larger　plan　to　destroy　the　group．

7．　As　a　commanderinchief，　youd　better　not　deploy　so　many　personnel　and　weapons　since　youre　not　completely　sure　about　the　whole　situation．

8．　dualuse　infrastructure，　Iraq　has　undertaken　an　effort　to　reconstitute　facilities　that　were　closely　associated　with　its　past　program　to　develop　and　produce　chemical　weapons．

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

abuse/bjus／　v．　滥用，虐待

acute/kjut／　adj．　严重的，激烈的

combatant/kmbtnt／　n．　战士

dilemma/dlem／　n．　困境，进退两难

inadvertently/ndvtntlｉ／　adv．　不经意地

outrage/atｒed／　v．　激起愤怒

override/vｒad／　vt．　不顾，践踏

spy/spa／　n．　间谍，密探

trump/tｒmp／　v．　胜过

vehemently/vｉmntli／　adv．　激烈地

wage/wed／　vt．　发动，开展

Proper　Names

Child　Soldiers　Protect　Act儿童士兵保护法案

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　first　time　and　then　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement．

1．　The　recruitment　and　conscription　of　child　soldiers　is　particularly　acute　in　Africa．

2．　To　address　this　problem，　the　U．S．　passed　the　Child　Soldiers　Protection　Act　in　2008　and　strictly　abides　by　the　Act．

3．　The　Act　prohibits　the　U．S．　from　providing　military　training，　and　defense　assistance　to　other　countries．

4．　U．S．　provides　assistance　to　Iraq　and　claims　that　if　the　aid　were　pulled，　the　counterterrorism　missions　could　be　undermined　and　Americans　be　put　at　risk．

5．　Human　rights　activists　are　outraged　to　accuse　the　Obama　administration　of　abandoning　child　soldiers．

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard．

1．　Thousands　of　children，　serving　in　militaries　around　the　world，　are　used　as　combatants，　，　spies　and　military　personnel．　The　problem　is　particularly　in　Africa，　where　children　as　young　as　nine　are　cheap　and　in　the　war．

2．　In　2008，　the　Child　Soldiers　Protection　Act　was　passed　but　the　Obama　administration　has　repeatedly　chosen　to　this　federal　law　and　provides　military，　training　and　assistance　to　four　of　the　nations　that　use　child　soldiers，　including　．

3．　The　administration　defends　its　assistance　to　Yemen　by　pointing　out　that　the　country　is　a　key　partner　in　Americas　operations　against　alQaeda．　If　U．S．　pulled　its　aid　to　Yemens　military，　the　counterterrorism　missions　could　be　and　Americans　put　．

4．　Human　rights　accuse　the　Obama　administration　of　abandoning　child　soldiers．　They　say　President　Obama　is　supporting　violators　of　international　law　when　he　should　be　for　reform　in　countries　with　a　proven　history　of　abuse．　And　by　lending　U．S．　assistance　to　Yemens　military，　U．S．　taxpayers　are　funding　the　recruitment　and　of　child　soldiers　in　Africa．

5．　Child　soldiers　and　foreign　aid　raise　an　important　ethical　：　Should　allies　that　use　child　soldiers　receive　U．S．　military　aid，　even　if　it　our　opposition　to　the　practice?

Task　3Summarizing

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions．

child　soldiers

assistance

counterterrorism

human　rights　activists

dilemma

Passage　Listening　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

amplify/mplfa／　vt．　放大，扩大

counterinsurgency/kantnsdnsｉ／　n．　反叛乱，反暴乱

jeopardize/depdaz／　v．　危及，危害

shelter/elt（ｒ）／　vt．　庇护

vicious/vs／　adj．　恶意的，恶性的

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　first　time　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions．

1．　What　is　the　main　topic　of　the　passage?

2．　What　cases　are　mentioned　to　illustrate　the　moral　purpose　behind　a　war?

3．　What　are　the　three　competing　demands　in　a　war?　Please　say　something　about　them　based　on　your　understanding　of　the　passage.

Task　2Gap　Filling

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　then　complete　the　following　sentences　with　the　information　you　get　from　the　passage．

1．　There　is　no　bigger　ethical　choice　than　and　there　should　be　behind　a　decision　to　fight．

2．　must　be　balanced，　which　are　amplified　in　a　like　Afghanistan．

3．　First，　young　combatants　are　ethically　given　．　Next，　it　is　difficult　to　in　Afghanistan．　Nevertheless，　there　is　an　ethical　requirement　to　keep　them　safe．　Finally，　in　battles，　usually　causes　a　tension　between　implementing　the　strategy　and　risking　soldiers　or　civilians．

4．　Balancing　these　three　competing　demands　can　be　．　Emphasizing　mission　puts　，　killing　civilians　jeopardizes　the　mission　and　limiting　increase　soldiers　risks．

Task　3Discussion

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time．　Then　try　to　discuss　in　groups　how　you　choose　missions　to　fight　a　war　effectively，　while　minimizing　civilian　deaths　and　meeting　the　obligation　to　your　soldiers．

Video　Watching

Words　&　Expressions

allegation/len／　n．　主张，断言

corpse/kps／　n．　尸体

double　down双倍下注

exceed/ksｉd／　v．　超过，胜过

infamous/nfms／　adj．　声名狼藉的，无耻的

moral/mrl／　adj．　道德的，精神上的

mortality/mtltｉ／　n．　死亡率

remains/ｒmenｚ／　n．　残余，遗骸

scandal/skndl／　n．　丑闻，流言蜚语

sociology/sｕsｉldｉ／　n．　社会学

suicide　bomber自杀式炸弹，人体炸弹

upheaval/phｉvl／　n．　动乱，军事行动

urinate/jｕｒnet／　v．　小便，撒尿

Proper　Names

Abu　Ghraib阿布格莱布（监狱）

My　Lai美莱村（大屠杀）（越南南方村庄，1968年美军在此进行大屠杀）

Taliban塔利班（阿富汗反政府武装）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions．

1．　Why　do　we　say　“War　is　always　violent”?

2．　How　many　examples　are　given　to　illustrate　the　horrors　of　war?　Please　list　them．

3．　Do　Americas　top　military　leaders　pay　much　attention　to　military　ethics?　And　what　do　they　usually　do?

4．　Is　there　any　conclusion　about　the　teaching　of　military　ethics?　If　yes，　what　are　the　different　opinions?

Task　2Gap　Filling

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　then　complete　the　following　sentences　with　the　information　you　get　from　the　video　clip．

1．　War　always　causes　devastating　social　upheavals　and　often　leads　to　．

2．　The　example　of　the　recently　released　images　of　American　soldiers　in　Afghanistan　is　given　to　illustrate　．

3．　Due　to　some　infamous　cases，　U．S．　servicemen　have　been　accused　of　violating　core　American　values，　so　many　worry　that　they　illustrate　．

4．　The　courses　of　military　ethics　are　supposed　to　teach　soldiers　in　the　complex　world　of　reallife　warfare．

5．　Some　are　against　teaching　military　ethics，　because　they　believe　that　ethical　theories　can　not　be　applied　to　but　only　learned　while　others　say　military　ethics　training　is　vital　to　．

Task　3Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time．　Then　try　to　discuss　in　groups　whether　it　is　necessary　for　military　academies　to　offer　courses　of　military　ethics．

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

What　Are　Military　Ethics

In　the　military，　there　are　ethics　and　standards　that　military　members　are　expected　to　abide　by．　The　ethics　often　represent　values　that　are　core　beliefs．　These　beliefs　should　motivate　the　actions　and　attitudes　of　military　members　and　help　them　to　carefully　consider　their　behavior　at　all　times．　For　example，　in　the　United　States　Army，　the　core　values　or　ethics　that　members　abide　by　are　loyalty，　duty，　respect，　selfless　service，　honour，　integrity　and　personal　courage．　These　ethics　form　the　acronym　LDRSHIP．

In　most　cases，　servicemen　and　women　learn　about　military　ethics　as　soon　as　they　enroll　in　the　military．　During　military　training　or　“boot　camp”，　there　are　certain　ethical　guidelines　that　are　reinforced　and　instilled　in　service　members．　Some　of　the　most　common　military　ethics　include　concepts　that　involve　responsibility，　honour，　trust，　accountability　and　loyalty．　During　basic　military　training，　service　members　learn　what　these　ethics　mean　to　the　military　and　are　required　to　abide　by　them　to　remain　in　the　military．　Eventually，　military　ethics　become　a　part　of　military　life　and　become　habitual　standards　that　servicemen　and　women　live　by．

One　of　the　main　reasons　that　military　ethics　are　established　is　to　help　servicemen　and　women　adhere　to　a　high　standard　of　integrity，　ensure　that　conduct　is　ethical　and　legally　correct，　and　to　promote　trust　among　service　members．　To　reinforce　military　ethics，　soldiers　are　often　forced　to　memorize　creeds．　The　creeds　are　poetic　sayings　that　repeatedly　remind　the　solider　of　their　necessary　duties．　Military　creeds　are　considered　dogma，　which　means　that　the　creeds　are　considered　authoritative　and　are　not　to　be　disputed．　Creeds　are　also　meant　to　serve　as　a　reminder　that　military　members　have　an　obligation　to　never　disgrace　their　“uniform”　or　country．

When　military　ethics　are　violated，　there　is　often　a　price　to　pay．　The　military　member　that　has　violated　the　ethic　will　likely　incur　a　reprimand　or　other　consequence　such　as　being　subject　to　administrative　actions．　If　the　ethic　that　was　violated　has　resulted　in　criminal　misconduct，　disciplinary　action　may　extend　into　the　military　justice　system　and　military　members　will　be　held　accountable　for　criminal　activities　and　misconduct．

Its　important　to　understand　that　military　ethics　vary　from　country　to　country．　A　militarys　ethics　often　reflect　the　same　ethics　of　the　society　or　nation　that　the　military　is　a　part　of．　Some　codes　of　conduct　that　may　be　considered　acceptable　in　an　American　military　may　seem　unethical　to　another　nations　military　system　and　vice　versa．

Words　&　Expressions

abide/bad／　by　vi．　遵守

accountability/kantbltｉ／　n．　有义务，有责任

adhere/dh（r）／　to　vi．　坚持，遵守

creed/krｉd／　n．　信条，教义

dogma/dm／　n．　教条

habitual/hbtｕl／　adj．　习惯的，惯常的

reprimand/ｒepｒmnd／　n．　谴责，训斥

misconduct/mskndkt／　n．　不端行为

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner．

1．　How　do　you　understand　the　military　ethics?

2．　When　do　servicemen　usually　learn　the　military　ethics　according　to　the　passage?　And　what　ethical　theories　do　you，　the　cadets，　learn　in　the　military　academy?

3．　What　punishment　will　be　done　if　you　violate　the　military　ethics?

Task　2Retelling

Directions：　Work　with　your　partner　by　retelling　the　passage　to　each　other．　Use　the　evaluation　chart　to　evaluate　your　partners　retelling．

Grammar

Pronunciation

Facts

Fluency

Grading：　5=Excellent；　4=Good；　3=Fairly　Good；　2=Should　Improve；　1=Must　Improve

0

0

Unit　ThreeMilitary　Exercises

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

drill/drl／　n．　操练，训练

vessel/vesl／　n．　舰，轮船

warplane/wplen／　n．　战斗机，军用机

Proper　Names

Russias　Pacific　Fleet俄罗斯太平洋舰队

Vladivostok符拉迪沃斯托克（俄罗斯远东一城市，原名海参崴）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions．

1．　When　and　where　will　the　drill　take　place?

2．　According　to　Chinas　Defense　Ministry，　what　will　the　drill　focus　on?

3．　What　else　do　you　know　about　the　joint　military　exercises　between　China　and　Russia?　Please　name　a　few　more．

Task　2True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　then　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement．

1．　China　and　Russia　will　hold　a　joint　maritime　drill　from　April　22　to　27．

2．　China　will　send　16　vessels　including　destroyers，　frigates，　support　and　medical　ships，　and　two　submarines　for　the　exercise．

3．　The　drill　will　also　involve　five　warships　from　Russias　Pacific　Fleet．

4．　Both　sides　have　sent　submarines　in　this　joint　military　drill．

5．　Since　last　year，　China　and　Russia　have　conducted　seven　joint　military　exercises．

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

Bold　Alligator

1The　Navy　and　Marine　Corps　kicked　off　the　drive　to　revitalize　their　amphibious　warfare　capabilities　in　a　big　way　last　month，　assembling　more　than　twodozen　ships，　more　than　120　fixedandrotarywing　aircraft　and　about　17，000　personnel　for　a　complex　exercise　off　the　East　Coast．

2The　exercise，　Bold　Alligator　2012（BA12），　was　the　largest　and　most　intricate　amphibious　maneuver　in　more　than　a　decade　and　was　intended　to　be　the　beginning　of　a　series　of　such　operations　to　restore　a　partnership　that　is　essential　to　conducting　what　the　two　services　consider　one　of　their　core　capabilities．

3The　twoweek　drill，　which　involved　real　and　simulated　forces　in　the　air，　on　land，　and　on　and　below　the　surface　of　the　Atlantic，　was　designed　to　get　Marines　back　to　sea　after　10　years　of　sustained　ground　combat　in　Iraq　and　Afghanistan．

4But　its　primary　focus　was　to　enable　Navy　and　Marine　Corps　commanders　and　their　staffs　to　regain　their　mastery　of　the　myriad　details　of　launching　and　supporting　assault　forces　ashore．

5“Its　enormously　important　for　the　Navy　to　start　learning　an　awful　lot　about　Marine　Corps　operations　and　getting　a　landing　force　ashore，　and　how　that　land　force　operates，”　said　Adm．　John　C．　Harvey　Jr．，　who　directed　the　effort　that　led　to　Bold　Alligator．

6“And　its　enormously　important　for　the　Marine　forces　to　understand　what　it　took　to　get　the　naval　force　to　the　position　where　you　could　land　the　assault　forces　and　sustain　those　assault　forces，”　the　Fleet　Forces　commander　told　a　Jan．　31　Defense　Writers　Group　breakfast　in　Washington．　“That　part　of　this　education，　I　think，　will　be　the　greatest　benefit　to　this　exercise．”

7Lt．　Gen．　Dennis　J．　Hejlik，　Harveys　partner　in　shaping　BA12，　said　that　when　they　started　studying　the　idea　in　2008，　“We　found　we　had　lost　a　lot　of　knowledge　on　what　we　had　to　do．．．how　to　operate　an　amphibious　task　force（ATF）　at　sea，　how　to　develop　a　landing　plan，　how　to　sustain　a　force　ashore．”

8“We　have　to　have　a　totally　integrated　naval　battle，”　the　Marine　Forces　Command　leader　added．　“Bold　Alligator　is　the　first　and　foremost　a　learning　experience　for　the　NavyMarine　Corps　force．”

9Adm．　Jonathan　W．　Greenert，　Chief　of　Naval　Operations（CNO）,　made　the　same　point．

10“I　believe　we　have　a　polarity　of　senior　officers　who　dont　understand　the　details　of　amphibious　operations．　We　dont　have　the　officers　with　the　kinds　of　experience　that　we　need，”　he　told　reporters　Feb．　4　on　the　amphibious　assault　ship　USS　Wasp，　the　flagship　for　BA12．

11To　correct　those　deficiencies，　Greenert　said　he　and　Gen．　James　F．　Amos，　now　the　Marine　Corps　commandant,　while　in　lower　positions　in　2008　crafted　a　document　that　detailed　amphibious　operations．　But　because　the　Marines　were　so　heavily　engaged　in　Iraq　and　gearing　up　in　Afghanistan，　they　could　not　implement　it．

12“This　is　the　culmination　of　that，　to　get　back　to　sea　with　the　Marine　Corps，”　the　CNO　said．

13BA12，　which　ran　from　Jan．30　to　Feb．13，　involved　three　main　commands　and　a　host　of　supporting　units．

14The　primary　units　were　Expeditionary　Strike　Group　2（ESG　2）,　commanded　by　Rear　Adm．　Kevin　D．　Scott；　2nd　Marine　Expeditionary　Brigade（MEB）,　led　by　Brig．　Gen．　Christopher　S．　Owens；　and　the　Enterprise　Carrier　Strike

Group（CSG）,　under　Rear　Adm．　Walter　E．　Carter　Jr．，　with　Vice　Adm．　David　H．　Buss，　Harveys　deputy，　as　overall　commander．

15The　Navy　provided　ten　amphibious　ships，　including　four　“bigdeck”　assault　ships，　the　aircraft　carrier　USS　Enterprise，　at　least　ten　surface　combatants,　two　submarines　and　an　array　of　supporting　minehunting，　logistics　and　Maritime　Prepositioning　Force　ships．

16The　MEB　supplied　the　assault　force　of　about　10，000　marines　and　sailors，　real　and　simulated，　from　Regimental　Combat　Team　Two，　Combat　Logistics　Regiment　25，　Marine　Air　Group　29　and　the　24th　Marine　Expeditionary　Unit（MEU）.

17Naval　Expeditionary　Combat　Command　was　a　major　supporting　element，　providing　Seabees，　Riverines，　civil　affairs，　intelligence　exploitation，　beach　master　and　cargohandling　units．

18That　array　of　moving　parts　is　indicative　of　the　complexity　of　a　largescale　amphibious　operation．

19The　U．S．　Coast　Guard　Port　Security　Unit　308，　based　in　Kiln，　Miss．，　took　part　as　well　to　provide　its　insight　and　expertise　into　port　protection．　The　Coast　Guard　provided　security　for　aidstonavigation，　protected　against　hazards　around　the　port，　and　contributed　an　additional　defensive　presence　in　waterways　and　near　Forward　Operating　Base　Gallant．

20“We　were　able　to　learn　a　lot　from　the　other（security）　units　as　they　were　able　to　learn　from　us　in　terms　of　what　our　mission　is　and　how　we　complete　our　mission．　It　will　help　for　future　operations　to　have　that　basis　of　knowledge　of　those　units　and　what　they　bring　to　the　table，”　said　Coast　Guard　Landside　Security　Officer　Lt．　Danny　Welch．

21And　the　scope　of　BA12　was　widened　by　the　participation　of　combat　units，　staff　officers　and　observers　from　11　allied　nations，　a　reflection　of　the　growing　importance　of　coalitions　to　deal　with　security，　humanitarian　relief　and　disaster　assistance　challenges．

22For　the　combat　forces，　France　provided　its　bigdeck　amphib，　Mistral，　a　surface　combatant　and　300　marines；　Canada　supplied　2　minehunting　ships；　and　Great　Britain　and　the　Netherlands　contributed　Royal　Marines．

23Wasp　was　awash　with　officers　from　those　countries　and　others，　there　to　study　or　to　help　plan　the　exercise．　They　included　Lt．　Cmdr．　George　Pastoor　of　the　Royal　Netherlands　Navy［1］，　who　was　the　chief　planner．

Shaping　the　Scenario

24Although　the　scenario　for　BA12　was　not　aimed　at　any　specific　threat，　it　clearly　was　shaped　by　realworld　conditions．

25In　the　scenario，　the　amphibious　operation　was　triggered　by　an　appeal　from　a　friendly　nation，　Amber，　which　was　invaded　by　its　southern　neighbor，　Garnet．　A　neutral　nation　to　the　north，　Amberland，　agreed　to　allow　coalition　forces　to　come　ashore　to　help　Amber．

26But　to　get　the　amphibious　force　close　enough　to　launch　the　landing　force，　the　task　force　had　to　pass　through　a　simulated　long，　narrow　strait　that　was　contested　by　Garnet　with　sea　mines　and　swarming　fastattack　boats．　Those　are　the　kinds　of　threats　posed　by　Iran　in　the　Strait　of　Hormuz［2］．

27And　Amberland　was　infested　by　a　terrorist　cell　that　had　landbased　antiship　missiles，　such　as　those　used　by　Hezbollah　to　damage　an　Israeli　corvette　during　the　2006　conflict　in　Lebanon．

28“Just　about　everything　were　going　to　do　could　be　applicable　to　a　situation　that　could　come　to　us　in　the　vicinity　of　the　Strait　of　Hormuz，”　Harvey　said．

29He　cited　mines　and　the　“large　numbers　of　smallboat　threats，　irregular　threats．　Those　are　not　easy　to　identify　in　the　complex　littoral　environment，　which　describes　just　about　all　the　Arabian　Gulf，”　he　added，　using　the　U．S．　name　for　the　Persian　Gulf．　“Were　going　to　have　to　be　able　to　deal　with　all　that．”

30During　the　transit　of　the　simulated　strait　the　day　before　DDay，　two　Canadian　minehunters，　which　had　been　sweeping　the　simulated　minefield,　led　the　way，　“like　mother　hens”．　The　rest　of　the　amphibious　task　force　followed，　“one　by　one　like　ducks　in　a　row，”　Pastoor　said．

31To　counter　the　smallboat　threat，　“were　practicing　the　use　of　an　arm　we　normally　dont　have—the　MEB　with　its　air　arm—to　help　protect　the　amphibs，”　he　said．

32The　BA12　planners　took　advantage　of　the　fact　that　the　Enterprise　CSG，　the　Iwo　Jima　Amphibious　Ready　Group（ARG）　and　the　24th　MEU　would　be　conducting　their　predeployment　qualification　tests　and　incorporated　them　into　the　exercise．

33As　part　of　its　certification　process，　a　company　from　the　MEU　conducted　a　longrange　raid　from　the　ARG　into　the　Army　National　Guards　Fort　Pickett［3］，　Va．　The　marines　made　the　flight　of　more　than　160　nautical　miles　in　CH53　helicopters　and　MV22s，　the　first　time　the　tiltrotor　Ospreys　were　used　in　such　an　exercise．

34At　Pickett，　the　250　marines　also　helped　the　Marine　Warfighting　Laboratory　conduct　a　limited　objective　experiment，　testing　longdistance　communications　and　a　variety　of　systems　intended　to　reduce　the　need　for　resupply．　That　was　only　one　of　many　innovations　tested　in　BA12．

35BA12　also　tested　the　seabasing　concept，　designed　to　reduce　the　need　to　put　large　amounts　of　equipment　and　supplies　ashore　to　support　the　landing　force．

36In　addition　to　supplying　the　marines　from　the　amphibious　ships，　the　exercise　used　the　aviation　logistics　support　ship　Wright　to　provide　major　repairs　for　the　marine　aircraft　and　the　maritime　prepositioning　force　ship　Obregon　to　provide　fuel　and　water　via　a　milelong　floating　hose　system．

37The　landing　force　also　would　be　commanded　from　the　sea　base，　with　the　2nd　MEB　commander　and　his　staff　remaining　on　Wasp，　instead　of　going　ashore．

38“You　can　put　a　force　ashore，　great!”　Hejlik　said．　“Now，　what　do　you　do　for　command　and　control?　How　do　you　sustain　that?　Well　be　doing　that　from　the　sea．　Thats　really　the　value　of　a　naval　force．　You　dont　really　need　a　seaport，　an　airport，　to　project　forces　or　to　sustain　them．”

39Although　BA12　involved　thousands　of　people　and　hundreds　of　pieces　of　equipment，　the　primary　purpose　was　to　give　the　CSG，　ESG　and　MEB　staffs　the　chance　to　plan　and　direct　such　a　complex　operation．

40That　put　the　main　focus　on　getting　the　land　forces　ashore　and　then　supplying　and　controlling　them．　Once　on　land，　the　Marines　reverted　to　normal　unit　training　at　Camp　Lejeune，　N．C．

41“Thats　a　more　effective　use　of　the　units，”　Pastoor　said．

42The　DDay　assault　started　in　the　predawn　darkness　of　Feb．6，　with　the　landing　time　set　for　5：15　a．m．

43The　first　units　actually　hit　Camp　Lejeunes　Onslow　Beach　75　seconds　early，　Pastoor　said．

44Responding　to　a　question　about　the　likelihood　of　conducting　a　large，　realworld　amphibious　landing　in　the　era　of　longrange　precision　weapons，　Owens　said：　“Sooner　or　later，　the　nation　is　going　to　require　a　sizeable　force　to　go　somewhere　where　folks　dont　want　us　to　go．”　It　will　not　be　another　Iwo　Jima　or　Tarawa［4］，　he　added，　“But　nevertheless，　when　we　go　to　shore　some　place　where　were　not　wanted　ashore，　we　have　to　be　ready　to　defend　the　force，　to　accomplish　the　mission　and　then　to　sustain　the　force．”

（1，673　words）

NOTES

［1］　Royal　Netherlands　Navy荷兰皇家海军The　navy　of　the　Netherlands．　In　the　mid17th　century　the　Dutch　Navy　was　one　of　the　most　powerful　navies　in　the　world　and　it　played　an　active　role　in　the　wars　of　the　Dutch　Republic　and　later　those　of　the　Batavian　Republic　and　the　Kingdom　of　the　Netherlands．　In　recent　years，　the　Royal　Netherlands　Navy　takes　part　in　expeditionary　peacekeeping　and　peace　enforcing　operations．

［2］　the　Strait　of　Hormuz霍尔木兹海峡A　narrow　but　strategically　important　strait　between　the　Gulf　of　Oman（阿曼）　in　the　southeast　and　the　Persian　Gulf．　On　the　north　coast　is　Iran　and　on　the　south　coast　is　the　United　Arab　Emirates（阿拉伯联合酋长国）　and　Musandam（穆珊旦），　an　exclave（飞地）　of　Oman．

［3］　Fort　Pickett匹克特堡基地A　Virginia　Army　National　Guard　installation，　located　near　the　town　of　Blackstone，　Virginia．　It　is　named　for　the　United　States　Army　officer　and　Confederate　General　George　Pickett．

［4］　Tarawa塔拉瓦岛（西太平洋岛国基里巴斯的主岛）An　atoll（环礁）　in　the　central　Pacific　Ocean，　previously　the　capital　of　the　former　British　colony　of　the　Gilbert　and　Ellice　Islands（吉尔伯特和埃利斯群岛）．　It　is　the　location　of　the　capital　of　the　Republic　of　Kiribati（基里巴斯），　South　Tarawa．　The　island　is　best　known　by　outsiders　as　the　site　of　the　Battle　of　Tarawa　during　World　War　II．

MILITARY　TERMS

air　arm航空兵

Air　Group航空大队

Army　National　Guard陆军国民警卫队

Amphibious　Ready　Group（ARG）两栖戒备大队

amphibious　task　force（ATF）两栖特遣部队

Carrier　Strike　Group（CSG）航母战斗群

Chief　of　Naval　Operations（CNO）海军作战部长（美国）

Coast　Guard海岸警卫队（美国）

Combat　Logistics　Regiment/redmnt／　战斗勤务团

commandant/kmndnt／　n．　总指挥，司令

corvette/kvet／　n．　轻型护卫舰

Expeditionary　Strike　Group　2（ESG2）远征打击第二大队

flagship/flp／　n．　旗舰

land　force地面部队

maneuver/mnuv／　n．　演习，机动

Marine　Expeditionary　Brigade（MEB）海军陆战队远征旅

Marine　Expeditionary　Unit（MEU）海军陆战队远征大队

Maritime　Prepositioning　Force海上预置部队

minefield/manfｉld／　n．　雷区

Regimental　Combat　Team团战斗队

Royal　Marines英国皇家海军陆战队

surface　combatant水面作战舰

tiltrotor　Ospreys“鱼鹰”倾斜旋转翼飞机

USS（the　United　States　Ship）美国军舰

NEW　WORDS

amphibious/mfbs／　adj．　operating　or　living　on　land　and　in　water两栖作战的，两栖的

culmination/klmnen／　n．　the　final　or　highest　point　that　is　reached　after　a　long　period　of　effort　or　development　极盛期，顶点

hose/hz／　n．　a　long　rubber　or　plastic　tube　which　can　be　moved　and　bent　to　put　water　onto　fires，　gardens，　etc．　软管，胶皮管

indicative/ndktv／　adj．　to　be　a　clear　sign　that　a　particular　situation　exists　or　that　something　is　likely　to　be　true　指示的，象征的

intricate/ntｒkt／　adj．　containing　many　small　parts　or　details　that　all　work　or　fit　together　复杂精细的，　错综复杂的

mistral/mstｒＩl／　n．　a　strong　north　wind　that　blows　in　France　during　the　winter　（法国南部干冷而强劲的北风或西北风）密史脱拉风，干燥寒冷的北风（文中指法国“西北风”号两栖攻击舰）

myriad/mｒd／　adj．　a　large　indefinite　number　of无数的，多种的

n．　a　large　indefinite　number　极大数量

nautical/ntkl／　adj．　relating　to　ships　and　sailing　海上的，航海的

osprey/spｒｅ／　n．　large　harmless　hawk　found　worldwide　that　feeds　on　fish　and　builds　a　bulky　nest　often　occupied　for　years　鱼鹰（文中是指“鱼鹰”倾斜旋转翼飞机）

rotary/ｒtｒ／　adj．　turning　or　able　to　turn　round　a　fixed　point　旋转的

simulated/smjletd／　adj．　①　being　an　imitation　of　the　genuine　article　模仿的，模拟的②　not　genuine　or　real假装的

swarm/swm／　v．　move　in　large　numbers　云集，涌往

n．　a　moving　crowd　一大群

transit/tｒnｚt／　n．　a　journey　usually　by　ship　（船等）运输

v．　make　a　passage　or　journey　from　one　place　to　another　通过，穿越

wasp/wsp／　n．　a　thin　black　and　yellow　flying　insect　that　can　sting　you　黄蜂

waterway/wtwe／　n．　a　navigable　body　of　water　水路，航道

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1．　gear　upmake　ready　or　suitable　or　equip　in　advance　for　a　particular　purpose　or　for　some　use，　event，　etc．　使……做好行动准备

2．　kick　offcommence　officially　开始

3．　in　terms　ofconsidering　就……而言

4．　in　the　vicinity　ofin　the　neighboring，　near　在……附近，与……接近

5．　revert　togo　back　to　回到，恢复到

PROPER　NAMES

Camp　Lejeune，　N．C．南卡莱罗纳州的莱洁恩营

Christopher　S.　Owens克里斯托弗·S.欧文斯准将

Danny　Welch丹尼·韦尔奇（美国海岸警卫队地面安全军官）

David　H.　Buss戴维·H.巴斯（哈维上将的副手）

Defense　Writers　Group国防作家团体

Dennis　J.　Hejlik丹尼斯·J.黑吉利克中将

George　Pastoor乔治·帕斯图尔（皇家荷兰海军中将）

Hezbollah（黎巴嫩）真主党

Iwo　Jima硫黄岛（日本）

James　F.　Amos詹姆斯·F.阿莫斯上将

John　C.　Harvey　Jr.约翰·C.哈维上将（美国海军舰队部队司令部司令）

Jonathan　W.　Greenert乔纳森·W.格林纳特（美国海军作战部长）

Kevin　D.　Scott凯文·D.斯科特少将

Onslow昂斯洛（位于澳大利亚大陆）

the　Persian　Gulf波斯湾

Walter　E.　Carter　Jr.沃特·E.卡特少将

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions：　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text．

1．　According　to　Commander　Harvey，　what　is　the　greatest　benefit　to　this　exercise?

2．　How　many　other　countries　participated　in　the　exercise?　What　are　they?

3．　What　does　the　concept　“seabasing”　mean?　Try　to　explain　it　in　your　own　words．

4．　What　is　the　primary　purpose　of　BA12?

5．　Do　you　think　amphibious　task　force　will　become　more　important　in　the　navy?　Why　or　why　not?

Section　B

Directions：　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement．

1．　BA12　was　the　largest　and　most　intricate　amphibious　maneuver　in　more　than　a　decade．

2．　The　drill　which　involved　only　simulated　forces　lasted　for　two　weeks．

3．　Most　naval　officers　are　very　clear　about　how　to　operate　an　ATF　at　sea，　how　to　develop　a　landing　plan　and　how　to　sustain　a　force　ashore．

4．　The　primary　units　of　this　drill　were　ESG　2，　2nd　MEB　and　CSG　with　Harvey　as　the　overall　commander．

5．　Combat　units，　staff　officers　and　observers　from　11　allied　nations　attended　the　drill　which　reflects　the　growing　importance　of　coalitions　to　deal　with　security，　humanitarian　relief　and　disaster　assistance　challenges．

6．　The　scenario　for　BA12　was　not　aimed　at　any　specific　threat，　so　it　was　shaped　only　by　imagination．

7．　The　exercise　used　the　Aviation　Logistics　Support　ship　Obregon　to　provide　major　repairs　for　the　Marine　aircraft．

8．　According　to　Owens，　sooner　or　later，　the　U．S．　will　conduct　a　large，　realworld　amphibious　landing．

Ⅱ．　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below．　Make　changes　where　necessary．

amphibious

nautical

minefield

waterway

hazard

raid

simulated

coalition

culmination

swarm

1．　If　a　of　honeybees　doesnt　sound　like　your　typical　military　unit,　how　about　a　battalion　of　beetles,　a　legion　of　lobsters　and　a　gaggle　of　geckos?　Theyve　all　been　drafted　into　a　DoD　effort　to　explore,　and　possibly　harness,　the　natural　capabilities　of　the　zoological　kingdom．

2．　The　flight　conducted　by　the　European　Space　Agency　was　designed　to　test　the　physiological　and　psychological　impact　of　a　journey　to　Mars．

3．　Mesa　Verde　is　the　third　transport　dock　ship　in　the　San　Antonio　class.　As　a　critical　element　in　future　expeditionary　strike　groups,　the　ship　will　support　the　Marine　Corps　“mobility　triad,”　which　consists　of　the　landing　craft　air　cushion　vehicle(LCAC),the　Expeditionary　Fighting　Vehicle　(EFV)　and　the　Osprey　tiltrotor　aircraft(MV22)．

4．　The　crew　from　771　Squadron　found　the　dismasted（折断桅杆的）　vessel　about　100　miles　off　the　Cornish　coast．

5．　When　Abid　Hamid　Mahmud　alTikriti　was　captured　in　2003　by　U.S.led　forces，　he　was　number　4　on　a　list　of　mostwanted　Iraqi　officials．

6．　It　was　said　that　several　Syrian　children　were　forcibly　taken　from　their　homes　and　“used　by　soldiers　and　militia　members　as　human　shields，　placing　them　in　front　of　the　windows　of　buses　carrying　military　personnel　into　the　on　the　village．”

7．　Today　was　a　very　proud　day；　it　was　a　of　all　the　effort　that　started　over　two　years　ago　with　predeployment　training．

8．　The　MoD　says　in　the　leaflet　that　the　missiles　will　not　pose　a　to　residents　and　“will　only　be　authorized　for　active　use．”

9．　Syria　is　a　diplomatic　both　for　those　struggling　to　overthrow　the　regime　and　for　Western　powers　contemplating　how　to　help　them　do　it．

10．　The　Iranians（伊朗人）　call　the　the　Persian　Gulf，　while　Arab　countries　often　refer　to　it　as　the　Arabian　Gulf．

Section　B

Directions：　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets．

1．　Operation　Kerkesner　will　in　two　weeks　at　Fort　Indiantown　Gap．　Pa．，　providing　many　of　the　students　their　first　basic　combat　skills　training　in　a　field　environment，　explained　Navy　Lt．　Chris　Stede，　a　physiologist　serving　as　the　course　director．（开始）

2．　Cooperation　with　Pakistan　is　the　United　States，　and　the　Defense　Department　is　working　hard　to　shore　up（支撑，支持）　the　damaged　relationship，　Pentagon　Press　Secretary　George　Little　said　today.（必要的）

3．　The　second　annual　Warrior　Games，　a　joint　endeavour　between　the　U．S．　Olympic　Committee　and　the　U．S．　Department　of　Defense，　is　for　competition　with　practice　sessions，　to　include　wheelchair　basketball．（做好准备）

4．　U．S.　and　Chinese　leaders　expressed　how　important　and　beneficial　the　training　was，　both　building　cooperative　ties　and　development　of　techniques　to　counter　piracy．（根据；就……而言）

5.　The　report　also　makes　clear　that　the　U．S．　military　a　robust　range　of　operations　to　target　ISIS　and　associated　forces，　including　those　in　Somalia　and　Yemen．（从事于）

6．　According　to　an　eyewitness，　there　was　a　huge　blast　and　debris（碎片，残骸）　flew　in　different　directions　injuring　people　，　the　Nation　newspaper　reports．（在附近）

7．　The　latest　clash　the　death　of　a　man　from　Zintan（津坦）　after　he　was　stopped　at　a　checkpoint，　which　Zintan　militias　have　blamed　on　the　Mashashya　tribe．（由……引发）

8．　Another　activist　group，　the　Local　Coordination　Committees（LCC），　reported　intensified　artillery　and　mortar　fire　villages　in　Jabal　alAkrad（叙利亚一地区）．（针对；　以……为目标）

Ⅲ．　Reading　Practice

Directions：　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions．　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer．

The　U．S．　and　South　Korea　have　begun　a　joint　military　drill　to　improve　combat　readiness　on　the　Korean　peninsula．

The　annual　Ulchi　Freedom　Guardian　exercise　brings　together　530，000　forces　in　Korea　and　abroad，　using　computer　programs　to　simulate　war　situations．

North　Korea　has　reacted　furiously　to　the　exercises，　which　run　for　10　days．

It　called　them　“an　undisguised　military　threat”　and　“a　wanton（恶意的）　challenge　to　peace”　in　the　official　Rodong　Sinmum　newspaper　last　week．

InterKorean　relations，　the　article　said，　“are　getting　tenser　as　the　days　go　by，”　and　the　exercises　“would　further　aggravate　the　alreadystrained　situation　on　the　peninsula.”

In　a　separate　development，　South　Koreas　Yonhap　News　Agency　said　a　source　had　informed　it　that　the　North　had　installed　surveillance　cameras　and　reinforced　barbed　wire（带刺铁丝网）　along　its　border　with　China　to　try　to　stem　defections　and　smuggling．

Thousands　of　North　Koreans　have　escaped　into　China　in　recent　years，　many　with　the　ultimate　aim　of　defecting　to　South　Korea．　North　Korea　also　fears　smugglers　bringing　mobile　phones，　TVs　and　radios　into　the　North　from　China　which　may　challenge　Pyongyangs　control．

Iraq　lessons

The　10day　drill　links　bases　in　South　Korea　with　U．S．　military　headquarters　in　the　Pacific　and　the　U．S．，　reports　the　BBCs　Lucy　Williamson　in　Seoul．

This　year，　local　media　say　the　training　will　shift　more　responsibility　from　the　joint　command　to　South　Korean　military　chiefs，　to　prepare　for　the　handover　of　wartime　operational　authority　in　2015．

The　commander　of　U．S．South　Korean　forces，　U．S．　Gen．　James　D．　Thurman，　said　they　were　“applying　lessons　learned　out　of　Iraq　and　Afghanistan”　in　the　training　exercises，　“as　well　as　those　garnered　by　the　Alliances　recent　experiences　with　North　Korean　provocations　on　the　peninsula．”

A　spokesman　for　the　force　said　troops　would　train　for　a　“wide　variety　of　missions　including　those　involving　the　location　and　security　of　chemical，　biological，　nuclear　and　radiological　threats，”　reported　AFP　News　Agency．

The　North，　meanwhile，　depicted　the　exercise　as　“realistic　war　drill　to　remove　our　nuclear　facilities　with　a　mobile　unit”　seeking　to　bring　war　to　the　Korean　peninsula　as　a　way　to　“extricate　itself　from　its　worsening　economic　crisis．”

In　an　open　letter　last　week，　Pyongyang　called　for　a　peacekeeping　mechanism　to　replace　the　armistice（停战，休战）　that　ended　the　19501953　Korean　War．

North　Koreas　nuclear　envoy　has　held　talks　with　both　South　Korea　and　the　U．S．　in　recent　weeks，　to　try　to　find　a　way　back　to　sixparty　talks　on　North　Koreas　nuclear　program　last　held　in　late　2008．　But　relations　between　the　two　Koreas　are　still　fragile，　after　two　attacks　on　the　South　last　year，　our　correspondent　says．

1．　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　NOT　true　according　to　North　Korean　official　newspaper?

（A）　The　U．S．　and　South　Korea　joint　military　exercise　is　an　undisguised　threat．

（B）　The　situation　on　the　Korean　peninsula　becomes　tenser．

（C）　Before　the　joint　exercise，　the　situation　on　the　Korean　peninsula　was　very　peaceful．

（D）　The　U．S．　and　South　Korea　joint　military　exercise　is　a　challenge　to　regional　peace．

2．　North　Korea　has　installed　surveillance　cameras　and　reinforced　barbed　wire（带刺铁丝网）　along　its　border　with　China　in　order　to　．

（A）　protect　the　borders

（B）　restrain　defections　and　smuggling

（C）　prevent　Chinese　from　going　into　North　Korea

（D）　make　the　borders　more　beautiful

3．　What　does　the　underlined　word　“garner”　in　Paragraph　12　most　probably　mean?

（A）　Govern.（B）　Make.

（C）　Collect.（D）　Accumulate.

4．　Which　of　the　following　statements　about　the　joint　exercise　is　TRUE?

（A）　In　the　training　exercise，　troops　would　apply　lessons　learned　out　of　Iran　and　Afghanistan．

（B）　During　the　exercise，　troops　would　train　for　a　wide　variety　of　missions　including　joint　escort，　maritime　search　and　rescue．

（C）　The　North　depicted　the　exercise　as　a　threat　to　Pyongyangs　control．

（D）　The　training　will　shift　more　responsibility　from　the　joint　command　to　South　Korean　military　chiefs．

5．　It　can　be　inferred　from　the　last　paragraph　that　．

（A）　North　Korea　wants　to　find　a　peaceful　way　to　reduce　tensions

（B）　North　Korea　wants　to　talk　with　South　Korea

（C）　the　relations　between　the　two　Koreas　will　always　be　tense

（D）　North　Korea　will　declare　war　against　South　Korea

Ⅳ．　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese．

China　has　criticized　a　JapanU．S．　military　exercise　and　said　its　efforts　to　resolve　tensions　on　the　Korean　peninsula　were　being　condemned　unfairly．　A　Chinese　leader　also　told　a　visiting　North　Korean　delegation　that　ties　between　the　two　countries　would　survive　current　“tempests”　and　be　“replenished．”　The　weeklong　exercise　that　starts　today　was　planned　long　before　the　latest　tensions　but　its　scale—40，000　personnel　involved　in　the　simulated　defense　of　an　island—reflects　concern　about　Chinas　rapid　emergence　as　a　military　power．

Section　B

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English．

4月22日（上周日），中俄海上联合军事演习在中国青岛附近黄海水域拉开帷幕，演习将持续至27日。　中方参演兵力包括舰艇16艘、潜艇2艘。俄罗斯海军太平洋舰队派出4艘军舰和3艘补给舰。联合演习的主题是“海上联合防御和保卫海上交通线作战”，重点演练联合护航、联合搜救、联合反潜以及解救被劫船舶等科目。

Ⅴ　Writing　Practice

Directions：　Write　a　composition　with　no　less　than　150　words　to　illustrate　why　joint　military　drills　seem　essential　to　militaries　all　over　the　world．　Give　a　proper　title　by　yourself．　You　should　focus　on　the　points　given　below.

1．　全球范围内联合军演现状；

2．　联合军演的目的；

3．　联合军演的作用。

Text　B

U．S．　Military　Exercises

1The　more　you　sweat　in　peace　time，　the　less　you　bleed　in　combat．

2The　CJCS［1］　Exercise　Program　is　the　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staffs　principal　vehicle　for　achieving　joint　and　multinational　training．　The　Joint　Staffs　exercise　budget　funds　only　the　transportation　of　personnel　and　equipment　to　these　worldwide　exercises．　The　program　provides　combatant　commanders　with　their　primary　means　to　train　battle　staffs　and　forces　in　joint　and　combined　operations，　to　evaluate　war　plans，　and　to　execute　their　engagement　strategies．　It　provides　an　opportunity　to　stress　strategic　transportation　and　C4I　systems　and　evaluate　their　readiness　and　supportability　across　the　full　range　of　military　operations．　This　critical　program　also　provides　a　vehicle　for　the　Department　of　Defense　to　assess　the　militarys　ability　to　satisfy　joint　national　security　requirements　and　to　enhance　and　evaluate　interoperability　between　the　Services，　as　well　as　exercise　critical　Serviceunique　deployment　and　redeployment　skills．

3Another　notable　departure　from　servicecentric　tradition　is　the　decision　to　phase　out　socalled　Title　10　war　games，　which　typically　had　been　conducted　by　each　service　to　showcase　their　individual　capabilities．　That　is　no　longer　acceptable　at　the　Pentagon．　Title　10　war　games　are　being　replaced　by　joint　war　games．

4CJCS　Exercise　Program　supports　all　DoD　corporate　goals　but　most　particularly　“shape　the　international　environment　and　respond　to　the　full　spectrum　of　crises　by　providing　appropriately　sized，　positioned　and　mobile　forces．”　The　CJCS　exercise　program，　a　key　component　of　the　Joint　Training　System（JTS）,　is　the　chairmans　principal　vehicle　for　achieving　joint　and　multinational　training．　In　addition　to　the　obvious　contributions　to　readiness　and　strategic　access，　this　program　provides　political　and　diplomatic　returns　well　beyond　its　relatively　low　cost．　Exercises　demonstrate　U．S．　resolve　and　capability　to　project　military　power　anywhere　in　the　world　in　support　of　U．S．　national　interests　and　in　support　of　U．S．　allies．

5These　combined　exercises　include　both　CJCS　exercises　and　other　CINC　exercises　that　are　not　under　the　CJCS　exercise　program．　Further，　the　CJCS　exercise　program　includes　combinations　of　joint，　combined，　and　single　Service　exercises．　Combined　exercises　are　defined　as　those　exercises，　both　overseas　and　CONUS［2］，　which　have　foreign　nation　participation．　Some　of　these　exercises，　such　as　the　Partnership　for　Peace（PFP）［3］　or　the　New　Horizons　series　exercises，　can　include　numerous　exercises　combined　within　those　headings（i．e．　for　FY［4］　2000　USEUCOM［5］　has　16　exercises　combined　under　PFP）．

6To　reduce　the　impact　of　OPTEMPO　on　people，　the　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　directed　an　overall　30　percent　reduction　in　joint　exercise　mandays　between　FY96　and　FY01—a　goal　that　was　met．　Additionally，　this　directive　resulted　in　reducing　the　number　of　joint　exercises　from　277　in　FY96　to　189　in　FY00．　The　additional　FY00　Congressional　reductions　in　the　CJCS　Exercise　Program　Service　Incremental　Funding　made　it　more　difficult　for　this　important　program　to　match　essential　training　with　the　need　to　reduce　OPTEMPO／

PERSTEMPO.　In　accordance　with　Defense　Planning　Guidance,　the　Joint　Staff　rebaselined　this　program，　having　achieved　the　30　percent　requirement　for　cumulative　manday　reductions　by　FY　2001．

7United　States　military　forces　are　permitted　to　carry　out　humanitarian　assistance　projects　and　activities　as　part　of　training　operations　overseas．　These　deployments　are　an　integral　aspect　of　maintaining　a　forward　U．S．　military　presence，　ensuring　operational　readiness　to　respond　to　crises，　and　preparing　the　Reserve　Components　for　their　wartime　missions．　Humanitarian　and　Civic　Assistance（HCA［6］）　activities　are　conducted　in　conjunction　with　authorized　military　operations　and　are　authorized　by　10　USC　Section　401．

8Experience　with　live　ordnance　and　exposure　to　live　fire　conditions　are　essential　to　combat　readiness　and　are　prerequisites　for　those　who　may　be　called　to　engage　in　combat．　Foregoing　this　experience，　for　whatever　reason，　is　likely　to　result　in　increased　casualties　and　suboptimized　performance　in　battle．　Exposure　to　live　ordnance　rivets　the　attention　of　those　who　manage，　handle　and　employ　it　with　a　combination　of　fear　and　reverence　that　inert　ordnance　cannot　convey．　The　uncertainty　and　intimidation　when　working　in　a　live　fire　environment　can　be　significantly　reduced　by　the　practical　experience　of　live　ordnance　training.　Exposure　to　live　ordnance　in　a　high　stress　environment，　as　similar　to　actual　combat　conditions　as　reasonable，　instills　confidence　in　comrades，　seniors　and　subordinates，　and　in　their　procedures　and　equipment．　It　provides　an　opportunity　to　practice　the　critical　tasks　and　coordination　essential　to　survival　and　success　in　combat．　There　is　no　realistic　simulation　for　this　experience．

9The　use　of　live　ordnance　validates　every　aspect　of　weapon　employment，　including　combat　systems，　fusing　and　arming　of　weapons，　as　well　as　the　human　factors　involved．　For　effective　delivery　of　live　ordnance，　ship，　aircraft　and　combat　systems　must　perform　flawlessly　from　“magazine　to　target．”　The　performance　of　individuals　using　weapons　loaded　with　live　ordnance　is　based　on　actual　results　and　target　damage．　Live　ordnance　training　develops　individuals　who　know　when　to—or　when　not　to—deliver　fires．　Such　skills　are　highly　perishable，　and　practice　is　absolutely　necessary　to　ensure　accurate　delivery　of　fires．

10The　safety　of　U．S．　forces　in　combat　is　significantly　enhanced　through　the　conduct　of　live　ordnance　training．　Conventional　ordnance　incident　reports，　which　document　systems，　equipment　and　procedural　issues　that　affect　the　safety　and　reliability　of　weapons　are　generated　largely　from　experience　gained　by　training　with　live　ordnance．　The　corrective　action　taken　to　remedy　ordnance　deficiencies　improves　combat　readiness，　equipment　reliability　and　personal　safety．

（917　words）

NOTES

［1］　CJCS参谋长联席会议主席（美国）The　acronym　for　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff，　who　is　by　law　the　highest　ranking　military　officer　in　the　United　States　Armed　Forces，　and　is　the　principal　military　adviser　to　the　President　of　the　United　States，　the　National　Security　Council，　the　Homeland　Security　Council　and　the　Secretary　of　Defense．　While　the　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff　outranks　all　other　officers，　he　does　not　have　operational　command　authority　over　the　Armed　Forces；　however，　the　Chairman　does　assist　the　President　and　the　Secretary　of　Defense　in　exercising　their　command　functions．

［2］　CONUS美国本土；美国大陆A　technical　term　used　by　the　U．S．　Department　of　Defense　and　General　Services　Administration（总务署），　which　has　been　defined　both　as　the　continental　United　States，　and　as　the　48　contiguous　states．　The　District　of　Columbia　is　not　always　specifically　mentioned　as　being　part　of　CONUS．

［3］　the　Partnership　for　Peace（PFP）和平伙伴关系（计划）The　acronym　for　Partnership　for　Peace，　which　is　a　North　Atlantic　Treaty　Organization（NATO）　program　aimed　at　creating　trust　between　NATO　and　other　states　in　Europe　and　the　former　Soviet　Union；　22　states　are　members．　It　was　first　proposed　as　an　American　initiative　at　the　meeting　of　NATO　defense　ministers　in　Travemünde（特罗弗明德），　Germany，　on　October　2021，　1993，　and　formally　launched　on　January　1011，　1994　NATO　summit　in　Brussels，　Belgium．

［4］　FY财政年度The　acronym　for　fiscal　year（or　financial　year，　or　sometimes　budget　year）,　which　is　a　period　used　for　calculating　annual（“yearly”）　financial　statements　in　businesses　and　other　organizations．　In　many　jurisdictions（管辖区域），　regulatory　laws　regarding　accounting　and　taxation　require　such　reports　once　per　year，　but　do　not　require　that　the　period　reported　on　constitutes　a　calendar　year（that　is，　January　1　to　December　31）．　Fiscal　years　vary　between　businesses　and　countries．　The　“fiscal　year”　may　also　refer　to　the　year　used　for　income　tax　reporting．

［5］　USEUCOM美国欧洲司令部The　acronym　for　the　United　States　European　Command，　which　is　one　of　nine　Unified　Combatant　Commands　of　the　United　States　Military，　headquartered　in　Stuttgart，　Germany．　Its　area　of　focus　covers　21，000，000　square　miles（54，000，000　km2）　and　51　countries　and　territories，　including　Europe，　Russia，　Iceland，　Greenland　and　Israel．　The　Commander　of　EUCOM　simultaneously　serves　as　the　Supreme　Allied　Commander，　Europe（SACEUR）　within　NATO．

［6］　HCA人道主义及民事援助The　acronym　for　Humanitarian　and　Civic　Assistance，　which　is　the　United　States　Department　of　Defenses（DoD）　term　for　relief　and　development　activities　that　take　place　in　the　context　of　an　overseas　military　exercise，　training　or　operation．　Under　the　HCA　program，　U．S．　military　personnel　participating　in　overseas　deployments　carry　out　humanitarian　activities　such　as　road　and　school　construction，　vaccination（接种疫苗）　of　children　and　animals，　and　welldigging．　HCA　programs　are　often　executed　with　the　involvement　of　hostcountry　civilian　and　military　personnel．　U．S．　National　Guard　or　reserve　units　are　involved　in　many　HCA　activities．

MILITARY　TERMS

CINC（Commander　in　Chief）武装部队总司令

C4I（Command，　Control，　Communications，　Computers，　and　［Military］　Intelligence）指挥、控制、通信、计算机与情报

Defense　Planning　Guidance防务计划指南

Joint　Staff（美）联合参谋部

Joint　Training　System（JTS）联合训练系统

live　ordnance实弹（训练）

Operations　Tempo（OPTEMPO）作战节奏

Personnel　Tempo（PERSTEMPO）全体人员作战速度

Reserve　Component预备役部队（美国）

war　game军事演习

NEW　WORDS

cumulative/kjumjltv／　adj．　increasing　by　successive　addition　累积的，渐增的

flawlessly/fllslｉ／　adv．　perfectly；　with　no　flaw无瑕地，完美地

incremental/kｒmentl／　adj．　increasing　gradually　by　regular　degrees　or　additions增加的

inert/nt／　adj．　unable　to　move　or　resist　motion　不动的，静止的

interoperability/ntｒpｒbltｉ／　n．　（computer　science）　the　ability　to　exchange　and　use　information（usually　in　a　large　heterogeneous　network　made　up　of　several　local　area　networks）　互联性，协同能力

intimidation/ntmden／　n．　being　made　to　feel　afraid　or　timid　恐吓，胁迫

ordnance/dnns／　n．　①　large　but　transportable　armament　军械（如弹药、军车等）②　military　supplies　军用品，军需品

perishable/peｒbl／　adj．　①　liable　to　perish　易消亡的②　subject　to　destruction　or　death　or　decay　易腐败的

prerequisite/pｒｉｒekwzt／　n．　something　that　is　required　in　advance　先决条件，前提

reverence/ｒevｒns／　n．　a　profound　emotion　inspired　by　a　deity　尊敬，敬畏

rivet/ｒvt／　v．　direct　ones　attention　on　something　吸引住

n．　metal　pin　or　bolt　for　fastening　two　pieces　of　metal　together　铆钉

showcase/kes／　v．　present　someones　abilities　in　an　attractive　way　展现，展示

suboptimized/sbptmazd／　adj．　次最优化的，局部最优化的

supportability/sptbltｉ／　n．　the　quality　or　state　of　being　able　to　be　supported　可支持，可忍受

validate/vldet／　vt．　①　declare　or　make　legally　valid　使合法化②　prove　valid　使生效③　show　or　confirm　the　validity　of　something　批准，确认

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1．　in　accordance　within　agreement　or　harmony　with　与……一致，依照

2．　phase　outterminate　gradually　逐步结束

PROPER　NAMES

the　Pentagon五角大楼（美军国防部办公大楼，通常指代美国防部，位于美国弗吉尼亚州）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text．

1．　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　NOT　true　about　the　CJCS　Exercise　Program?

（A）　It　is　a　principal　vehicle　for　achieving　joint　and　multinational　training．

（B）　It　provides　a　vehicle　for　DoD　to　assess　the　militarys　ability　to　satisfy　joint　national　security　requirements．

（C）　It　is　a　key　component　of　the　Partnership　for　Peace．

（D）　It　provides　combatant　commanders　with　their　primary　means　to　train　battle　staffs　and　forces　in　joint　and　combined　operations．

2．　What　do　exercises　in　CJCS　exercise　program?

（A）　U．S．　resolve　and　capability　to　project　military　power　anywhere　in　the　world　in　support　of　U．S．　national　interests　and　in　support　of　U．S．　allies．

（B）　U．S．　resolve　and　capability　to　conquer　any　country　in　the　whole　world．

（C）　U．S．　resolve　and　capability　to　fight　against　terrorism　with　other　countries．

（D）　U．S．　resolve　and　capability　to　show　its　military　power　to　the　whole　world．

3．　The　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　directed　an　overall　30　percent　reduction　in　joint　exercise　mandays　FY　96　and　FY　01　in　order　to　．

（A）　match　essential　training　with　the　need　to　reduce　OPTEMPO

（B）　reduce　the　impact　of　OPTEMPO　on　people

（C）　assess　the　militarys　ability　to　fight　against　terrorism

（D）　practice　the　critical　tasks　and　succeed　in　combat

4．　What　is　said　about　“live　ordnance　training”　in　the　passage?

（A）　It　is　essential　to　combat　readiness　and　a　prerequisite　for　engaging　in　combat．

（B）　It　can　cause　fewer　casualties　and　optimized　performance　in　battle．

（C）　It　can　increase　the　uncertainty　and　intimidation　of　the　people　in　combat．

（D）　It　is　a　good　opportunity　to　work　with　people　from　other　countries．

5．　It　can　be　inferred　from　the　passage　that　the　safety　of　U．S．　forces　in　combat　is　．

（A）　totally　decided　by　live　ordnance　training

（B）　awfully　neglected　by　U．S．　Military

（C）　only　important　to　soldiers　in　U．S．　Military

（D）　of　great　importance　in　U．S．　Military

Ⅱ．　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B．　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given．

1．　An　initial　assessment　was　carried　out　by　an　explosive　o　disposal　team，　which　traveled　to　the　scene　from　Edinburgh．

2．　Mo　did　not　want　to　be　ruled　by　anyone　and　it　is　n　that　she　never　allowed　the　men　in　her　life　to　eclipse（超越）　her．

3．　Terrorizing　a　community　was　perhaps　not　in　your　mind　but　the　c　effect　meant　the　people　lost　trust　in　the　community　they　lived．

4.　Small，　who　also　tried　to　i　his　former　girlfriend　into　giving　him　a　false　alibi（不在犯罪现场的证明），　was　ordered　to　serve　a　minimum　term　of　34　years．　He　was　convicted　of　murder　last　November．

5.　But　Obama　and　Putin　did　not　announce　any　new　initiatives　to　r　the　Syrian（叙利亚的）　conflict，　which　has　been　a　source　of　sharp　disagreement　between　the　two　powers．

6．　As　Ukraine（乌克兰）　rushed　to　complete　its　new　stadiums　in　time　for　June，　the　government　hoped　Euro　2012　would　be　a　s　for　the　country　with　up　to　a　million　visitors　expected．

7．　The　ceremonies　proceeded　almost　f,　defying（经得住）　speculation　that　everything　from　rain　to　protests　to　terrorism　might　disrupt　Chinas　moment　of　glory．

8．　To　avoid　negative　results，　Begley　says，　some　researchers　may　use　only　a　selected　part　of　the　experimental　data　to　produce　more　clearcut　findings，　or　dont　take　the　time　to　repeat　critical　experiments　to　v　the　results．

9．　Morocco（摩洛哥）　is　taking　the　slow，　evolutionary　road　to　political　development．　One　issue　on　which　almost　all　Moroccans　agree　is　r　and　respect　for　their　young　monarch（君主），　King　Mohammed　Ⅵ．

10．　Evolutions　in　technology　and　packaging　mean　a　company　can　send　its　products—even　p　goods　like　sweets—anywhere　in　the　world．

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below．　Change　the　form　where　necessary．

engage　in

phase　out

in　accordance　with

in　support　of

provide　a　vehicle　for

be　permitted　to

respond　to

in　conjunction　with

1．　Observers　from　the　U．S．based　Carter　Center　monitor　this　election．　But　they　say　they　may　not　be　able　to　determine　whether　the　vote　is　free　and　fair　because　of　electoral　commission　restrictions　on　their　movements．

2．　Baek　says　the　drills　send　a　message　that　both　South　Korea　and　the　United　States　are　strongly　determined　to　jointly　further　North　Korean　provocations（挑衅）　and　demonstrate　what　Pyongyang　could　face．

3．　Three　years　before　that,　the　courts　allowed　an　Indiana　school　board　to　fire　a　teacher　who　told　her　students　that　she　had　honked　her　car　horn（按汽车喇叭）　a　rally（集会）　against　the　war　in　Iraq.

4．　Politicians　should　not　business　affairs　that　might　affect　their　political　judgment．

5．　Many　countries　called　for　the　immediate　sanctions　against　the　gulf　state　and　the　oilforfood　humanitarian　program．

6．　What　you　do　is　to　get　new　funds　in　as　quickly　as　possible，　the　way　to　do　that　is　to　expand　the　shares　available　and　that　new　funding　to　come　in．

7．　The　U．S．　leaders　demanded　Pakistan　immediately　release　the　doctor．　Officials　in　Islamabad，　however，　insist　Dr．　Afridis　case　was　decided　the　countrys　justice　system　and　the　United　States　must　respect　the　legal　process．

8．　The　Deputy　Commander　of　the　Force，　Maj.　Gen.　Andrew　Foster，　says　his　men　are　working　the　Congolese（刚果人的）　Army　to　thwart　any　attempt　by　the　rebels　to　advance　on　the　town．

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening

Words　&　Expressions

apprehend/pｒhend／　v．　逮捕，拘押

competence/kmptns／　n．　能力，管辖权

mosque/msk／　n．　清真寺

resilience/ｒzlｉns／　n．　适应力，弹性

trafficker/tｒfk／　n．　商人，贩子，做（非法）买卖的人

pick　up①　捡起②　（尤指偶然地、无意地、不费劲地）得到，学会

Proper　Names

Dari/dｒｉ／　达里语（现代波斯语的一种，主要为阿富汗、伊朗、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦等国家使用）

Fort　Riley/ｒalｉ／　赖利堡基地（美国）

Kansas堪萨斯州（美国中部一州）

Major　General少将

Task　1Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard．

1．　The　training　takes　place　in　（1）　complete　with　socalled　enactors，　usually　Afghan　Americans，　who　play　the　role　of　villagers　and　（2）　．

2．　Carrying　out　such　an　operation　requires　（1）　and　（2）　．

3．　Their　goal　and　our　goal　are　the　same：　（1）　，（2）　，　the　terrorists　and　（3）　．

4．　This　training　is　part　of　an　effort　to　（1）　his　nations　security　forces，　so　that　the　country　can　（2）　30　years　of　war．

5．　In　the　meantime，　（1）　says　the　training　exercises　with　Afghan　troops　here　contribute　to　making　U．S．　efforts　in　Afghanistan　（2）　．

Task　2Putting　the　Sentences　in　the　Right　Order

Directions：　The　following　sentences　are　given　in　the　wrong　order．　Put　the　sentences　in　order　according　to　what　youve　heard，　and　write　down　the　correct　number　in　the　brackets．

1．　（）　Nagl　and　other　U．S．　officers　praise　the　Afghans　for　their　resilience　and　hard　work．

2．　（）　Gaining　a　better　understanding　of　the　Afghan　people　is　a　key　factor　in　defeating　alQaida　and　the　Taliban．

3．　（）　Troops　from　both　countries　can　learn　something　from　each　other．

4．　（）　The　soldiers　are　raiding　the　suspected　base　of　an　insurgent　group．

5．　（）　This　training　is　part　of　an　effort　to　strengthen　Afghans　security　forces．

6．　（）　The　Afghans　train　here　with　the　vehicles，　weapons　and　gear　they　will　use　back　home．

Task　3Discussion　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time．　Then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner．

1．　Why　are　Afghan　soldiers　here　taking　part　in　these　exercises?

2．　What　do　U．S．　and　Afghan　soldiers　learn　from　each　other?

3．　Do　you　think　Afghan　troops　will　one　day　be　able　to　operate　effectively　alone?　Why　or　why　not?

Video　Watching　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

aviator/evｉet（ｒ）／　n．　飞行员

be　committed　to献身于，致力于

dissuade/dswed／　vt．　劝阻，　劝止

evade/ved／　v．　逃避，躲避

invincible/nvnsbl／　adj．　不能征服的，无敌的

provocation/prvken／　n．　激怒，　刺激，　挑衅

torpedo/tpｉd／　vt．　用鱼雷进攻，故意破坏

Proper　Names

Busan釜山（韩国港口城市）

jet　fighter喷气歼击机

Korean　peninsula朝鲜半岛

Nimitzclass　aircraft　carrier尼米兹级

航空母舰

Osan　Air　Base乌山空军基地（韩国）

Raptor（美）F22猛禽战斗机

tanker　plane空中加油机

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions．

1．　How　long　will　the　drill　last　and　what　is　the　codename　of　the　drill?

2．　What　does　the　exercise　aim　at　according　to　U．S．　military　officials?

3．　What　do　the　war　games　involve?

4．　What　do　you　know　about　USS　George　Washington　according　to　the　video　clip?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard．

1．　The　exercise　is　（1）　in　nature，　and　designed　to　（2）　and　deter　further　provocation　from　North　Korea．

2．　The　Republic　of　Korea　Air　Force　and　the　United　States　（1）　providing　the　right　combat　power　with　the　necessary　fire　power　to　protect　the　Republic　of　Korea　and　（2）　．

3．　The　U．S．　air　forces　（1）　，　the　worlds　most　advanced　military　aircraft，　was　also　shown　at　the　U．S．　（2）　，　south　of　Seoul．

4．　Jet　fighters　being　（1）　by　（2）　were　also　shown　to　media　as　part　of　the　drill．

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions．

military　drill

security

submarine

defensive

provocation

DPRK

regional　stability

USS　George　Washington

Video　Watching　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

be　intended　to旨在，以……为目的

besiege/bsｉd／　vt．　围困，围攻，包围

boost/bust／　v．　促进，提高，增加

intervention/ntvenn／　n．　介入，干涉

turmoil/tml／　n．　骚动，混乱

verify/verfa／　vt．　核实，证明

Proper　Names

Shenyang　Military　Area　Command（原）沈阳军区

Tajikistan/tdkstn／　塔吉克斯坦（中亚国家）

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false．　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1．　Peace　Missions　in　2005,　2007　and　2009　between　China　and　Russia　were　held　under　the　framework　of　the　Beijing　Cooperation　Organization．

2．　Peace　Mission　2005　was　held　in　East　Chinas　Shandong　Province．

3．　Peace　Mission　2007　involved　more　than　30，000　personnel　from　almost　all　members　of　the　Shanghai　Cooperation　Organization．

4．　Peace　Mission　2009　was　aimed　at　third　countries　to　enhance　the　capability　to　face　new　challenges　and　threats　in　antiterrorism　operations．

5．　An　additional　two　SinoRussian　military　exercises　will　be　launched　in　2012．

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard．

1．　Peace　Mission　2005　consisted　of　combined　land，　sea　and　air　forces，　（1）　an　intervention　in　a　state　（2）　by　terrorists　or　political　turmoil．

2．　Peace　Mission　2007　aimed　to　test　the　ability　to　（1）　at　longdistances，　and　to　provide　（2）　for　rapidly　building　up　combat　forces　in　dealing　with　（3）　in　neighbouring　regions．

3．　Peace　Mission　2009　was　intended　to　（1）　operation　plans　and　capabilities　to　respond　to　（2）．

Task　3Debate　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time．　Then　work　in　groups　and　debate　on　the　following　topic．

Do　SinoRussian　Joint　Military　Exercises　Show　Potential　Military　Alliance?

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

PLA　Kicks　off　the　Largest　LongRange

Tactical　Military　Exercise

The　Chinese　Peoples　Liberation　Army（PLA）　on　Tuesday　launched　its　largestever　tactical　military　exercise，　involving　the　deployment　of　about　50，000　heavilyarmored　troops　over　thousands　of　miles　to　test　the　PLAs　longdistance　mobility．

According　to　the　PLA　General　Staff　Headquarters，　in　charge　of　organizing　the　exercise　“Stride2009”，　one　army　division　from　each　of　the　military　commands　of　Shenyang，　Lanzhou，　Jinan　and　Guangzhou，　will　participate　in　a　series　of　livefire　drills　lasting　for　two　months．

Unlike　previous　annual　tactical　exercises，　the　army　divisions　and　their　air　units　will　be　deployed　in　unfamiliar　areas　far　from　their　garrison　training　bases　by　civilian　rail　and　air　transport．

The　division　from　northeast　Shenyang　Military　Command　will　be　transported　to　northwest　Lanzhou　Military　Command．　Troops　from　east　Jinan　Military　Command　and　south　Guangzhou　Military　Command　will　be　exchanged．

In　the　unprecedented　exercise，　one　of　the　PLAs　major　objectives　will　be　to　improve　its　capacity　of　longrange　projection．

The　General　Staff　Headquarters，　which　have　been　preparing　for　the　exercise　for　three　months，　will　coordinate　with　Chinas　civilian　airlines　to　use　passenger　and　cargo　flights　to　complement　Air　Force　transport．

All　heavy　weapon　systems，　such　as　tanks　and　infantry　fighting　vehicles，　will　be　carried　by　rail，　and　lightly　armored　troops　deployed　to　Jinan　Military　Command　will　go　by　China　Railway　HighSpeed（CRH）　trains　traveling　at　up　to　350　kilometers　per　hour．

Although　the　PLAs　logistic　capacities　have　been　greatly　improved，　it　still　requires　greater　coordination　and　efforts　to　conduct　joint　operations　and　longrange　force　projection．

The　livefire　drills　of　the　“Stride2009”　exercise　will　be　conducted　in　four　tactical　training　bases　respectively　in　the　four　military　commands．　The　PLA　will　introduce　a　newlydeveloped　laserbeam　combat　simulation　system　by　which　the　troops　in　each　base　will　be　divided　into　Red　and　Blue　rivals　to　carry　out　fights．

Laser　transmitters　and　receivers　installed　in　the　soldiers　weapons　and　helmets，　as　well　as　similar　laser　devices　in　larger　weapon　systems，　enable　the　troops　to　conduct　nearly　real　combat　without　shedding　blood．

The　troops　involved　in　the　exercise　will　also　adopt　Chinas　Beidou　or　COMPASSG2　satellite（北斗导航卫星）　communication　and　positioning　system　for　an　encrypted　communication　between　the　PLAs　headquarters　and　the　divisions　to　reduce　the　dependence　on　foreign　communication　systems．

On　Tuesday　morning，　the　division　from　Lanzhou　Military　Command　started　to　mobilize，　heading　for　the　PLAs　Taonan　Tactical　Training　Base　in　Jilin　Province　of　Shenyang　Military　Command．

More　than　700　military　vehicles　advanced　across　the　Yellow　River　through　a　250meter　long　pontoon　bridge　built　by　the　Lanzhou　divisions　engineering　regiment　at　a　ferry　place　in　northwest　Ningxia　Hui　Autonomous　Region．

The　divisions　forward　command　post　and　special　unit　took　off　from　a　northeast　air　base　on　two　Boeing　737800　civilian　passenger　jet　airliners．　Another　group　of　heavy　equipment　carried　on　two　chartered　trains　also　departed　from　railway　stations　in　the　regions　capital　Yinchuan　and　Qingtongxia．

The　personnel　and　equipment　mobilized　on　Tuesday　will　be　followed　up　by　the　rest　of　the　13，000　troops　of　the　Lanzhou　division—which　will　be　transported　through　five　provinces　and　regions，　day　and　night，　to　reach　the　Taonan　base．

The　Lanzhou　Military　Command　also　deployed　fighters，　attackers　and　gunships　from　its　army　aviation　force　to　provide　air　cover　for　the　longdistance　maneuver　and　participate　in　the　livefire　drills　at　the　tactical　training　base　in　Shenyang　Military　Command．

The　exercise　will　also　focus　on　suppressing　adversarys　electronic　devices　and　countermeasures　under　a　complex　electromagnetic　environment，　said　Maj．　Gen．　Cui　Yafeng，　general　director　of　the　exercise　involving　the　Lanzhou　division　at　Taonan　base．

Chen　Hu，　executive　chief　editor　of　the　World　Military　Affairs　Magazine，　said　longdistance　mobility　was　crucial　for　the　PLA　to　deal　with　diversified　threats　and　responsibilities　in　the　future．

“The　longrange　mobility　is　a　fundamental　capacity　for　the　PLA　to　perform　other　duties，”　Chen　said．　“The　increasing　attention　to　the　improvement　of　the　capability　especially　after　the　Wenchuan　earthquake　has　become　one　of　the　PLAs　priorities．”

After　the　8．0magnitude　quake　on　May　12　last　year，　many　PLA　ground　troops　headed　for　the　epicenter　were　stranded　outside　the　mountainous　region　in　the　Sichuan　Province．

The　Air　Force　units　could　also　provide　limited　support　to　relieve　the　disaster　hit　local　residents　due　to　lack　of　large　helicopters　and　transporters．

Words　&　Expressions

coordinate/kdnet／　v．　协调，协同adj．　同等的，　同等级的

encrypt/ＩｎｋｒＩｐｔ/　v.　把……加密（或编码）

epicenter/epsent（ｒ）／　n．　［地］震中，中心

follow　up跟着，追逐

involve　in使参与（陷入，牵扯到）

livefire　drill实弹演习

mountainous/mantns／　adj．　多山的；巨大的

pontoon/ｐｎｔｕｎ/　n.　浮桥平台

projection/pｒdekn／　n．　投送；设计；放映

strand/stｒnd／　v．　搁浅；陷入困境

Proper　Names

China　Railway　HighSpeed（CRH）中国铁路高速列车

General　Staff　Headquarters（原）总参谋部

Guangzhou　Military　Command（原）广州军区

Jinan　Military　Command（原）济南军区

Lanzhou　Military　Command（原）兰州军区

Ningxia　Hui　Autonomous　Region宁夏回族自治区

Qingtongxia青铜峡（宁夏回族自治区中部、银川平原以南）

Tactical　Training　Base战术训练基地

Taonan洮南（位于吉林省西北部）

World　Military　Affairs《世界军事》杂志

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner．

1．　Whats　the　difference　between　previous　annual　tactical　exercises　and　“Stride2009”?

2．　Why　will　the　General　Staff　Headquarters　coordinate　with　Chinas　civilian　airlines　and　railways　in　the　exercise?

3．　Whats　the　influence　of　the　Wenchuan　earthquake　on　the　building　of　the　PLA?

Task　2Writing

Directions：　Boil　the　passage　down　to（减缩成）　200　words.　In　your　article,　you　must　include　all　the　key　information　from　the　passage．

0

0

Unit　FourMilitary　Holidays

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

a　cluster　of一群，一组，一串

coincide　with符合，与……相一致

enterprising　spirit进取心，进取精神

entrepreneur／ntrprn（r）／　n.　企业家，主办人

equality／ikwlti／　n.　同等，平等

fallen／fln／　adj.　倒下的，牺牲的

fire　up生火，煽动

in　defense　of为……辩护，为保证……

ingenuity／ndnjuti／　n.　机灵，独创性，灵活性

in　short总之，简言之

kick　back反弹，平静下来

patriot／petrit／　n.　爱国者

pay　tribute　to称赞，歌颂

porch／pt／　n.　门廊，走廊

prosperous／prsprs／　adj.　繁荣的

reflect／rflekt／　v.　反映，表现

remembrance／rmembrns／　n.　记忆，纪念

resilience／rzlins／　n.　恢复力，顺应力

steadfast／stedfst／　adj.　坚定的，稳固的

trench／trent／　n.　沟渠，战壕

Proper　Names

Columbus／klmbs／　哥伦布（美国俄亥俄州首府）

Concord／kkd／　康科德（美国新罕布什尔州首府）

Inchon／ntn／　仁川（韩国西北部一港口）

Khe　Sanh溪山（越南）

Lexington／lekstn／　列克星敦（美国马萨诸塞州一城市）

Marjah　马尔贾（阿富汗省份）

Mississippi／msspi／　密西西比河，　密西西比州（美国州名）

Mosul／msul／　摩苏尔（伊拉克北部城市）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions.

1　Why　did　President　Obama　say　“Our　calling　on　Memorial　Day　is　different”　according　to　the　video?

2　What　are　the　reasons　why　America　emerged　from　a　cluster　of　colonies　to　become　the　most　prosperous，　most　powerful　nation　on　earth　according　to　President　Obama?

3　What　happened　on　April　25，　1866?

Task　2True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　then　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　Its　fitting　every　day　to　pay　tribute　to　the　men　and　women　who　wear　the　uniform　of　the　United　States　of　America.

2　There　are　any　number　of　reasons　why　America　emerged　from　its　humble　beginnings　as　a　cluster　of　colonies　to　become　the　most　prosperous，　most　powerful　nation　on　earth.

3　Memorial　Day　is　one　such　day　when　we　are　called　to　honour　Americans　whove　fought　under　our　countrys　flag.

4　An　organization　of　Civil　War　veterans　established　what　became　Memorial　Day，　selecting　a　date　that　coincided　with　the　time　when　flowers　were　in　bloom.

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

Honouring　All　Who　Served

—Veterans　Day［1］

1Many　Americans　mistakenly　believe　that　Veterans　Day　is　the　day　America　sets　aside　to　honour　American　military　personnel　who　died　in　battle　or　as　a　result　of　wounds　sustained　from　combat.　Thats　not　quite　true.　Memorial　Day　is　the　day　set　aside　to　honour　Americas　war　dead.

2Veterans　Day，　on　the　other　hand，　honours　all　American　veterans，　both　living　and　dead.　In　fact，　Veterans　Day　is　largely　intended　to　thank　living　veterans　for　dedicated　and　loyal　service　to　their　country.　November　11　of　each　year　is　the　day　that　we　ensure　veterans　know　that　we　deeply　appreciate　the　sacrifices　they　have　made　in　the　lives　to　keep　our　country　free.

Armistice　Day［2］

3To　commemorate　the　ending　of　the　“Great　War”（World　War　Ⅰ），　an　“unknown　soldier”　was　buried　in　highest　place　of　honour　in　both　England　and　France（in　England，　Westminster　Abbey［3］;　in　France，　the　Arc　de　Triomphe［4］）.　These　ceremonies　took　place　on　November　11，　celebrating　the　ending　of　World　War　Ⅰ　hostilities　at　11　a.m.，　November　11，　1918（the　11th　hour　of　the　11th　day　of　the　11th　month）.　This　day　became　known　internationally　as　“Armistice　Day.”

4In　1921，　the　United　States　of　America　followed　France　and　England　by　laying　to　rest　the　remains　of　a　World　War　Ⅰ　American　soldier—his　name　“known　but　to　God”—on　a　Virginia　hillside　overlooking　the　city　of　Washington，　D.C.　and　the　Potomac　River.　This　site　became　known　as　“the　Tomb　of　the　Unknown　Soldier，”　and　today　is　called　“the　Tomb　of　the　Unknowns.”　Located　in　Arlington　National　Cemetery［5］，　the　tomb　symbolizes　dignity　and　reverence　for　the　American　veteran.

5In　America，　November　11　officially　became　known　as　Armistice　Day　through　an　act　of　Congress　in　1926.　It　wasnt　until　12　years　later，　through　a　similar　act　that　Armistice　Day　became　a　national　holiday.

6The　entire　world　thought　that　World　War　Ⅰ　was　the　“war　to　end　all　wars.”　Had　this　been　true，　the　holiday　might　still　be　called　Armistice　Day　today.　That　dream　was　shattered　in　1939　when　World　War　Ⅱ　broke　out　in　Europe.　More　than　400，000　American　service　members　died　during　that　horrific　war.

Veterans　Day

7In　1947，　Raymond　Weeks，　of　Birmingham　Ala.，　organized　a　“Veterans　Day”　parade　on　November　11　to　honour　all　of　Americas　veterans　for　their　loyal　and　dedicated　service.　Shortly　thereafter，　Congressman　Edward　H.　Rees（Kansas）　introduced　legislation　to　change　the　name　of　Armistice　Day　to　Veterans　Day　in　order　to　honour　all　veterans　who　have　served　the　United　States　in　all　wars.

8In　1954，　President　Eisenhower　signed　a　bill　proclaiming　November　11　as　Veterans　Day，　and　called　upon　Americans　everywhere　to　rededicate　themselves　to　the　cause　of　peace.　He　issued　a　Presidential　Order　directing　the　head　of　the　Veterans　Administration（now　called　the　Department　of　Veterans　Affairs），　to　form　a　Veterans　Day　National　Committee　to　organize　and　oversee　the　national　observance　of　Veterans　Day.

9Congress　passed　legislation　in　1968　to　move　Veterans　Day　to　the　fourth　Monday　in　October.　However，　as　it　became　apparent　that　November　11　was　historically　significant　to　many　Americans，　in　1978，　Congress　reversed　itself　and　returned　the　holiday　to　its　traditional　date.

Veterans　Day　national　ceremony

10At　exactly　11　a.m.，　each　November　11，　a　color　guard，　made　up　of　members　from　each　of　the　military　branches，　renders　honours　to　Americas　war　dead　during　a　heartmoving　ceremony　at　the　Tomb　of　the　Unknowns　in　Arlington　National　Cemetery.

11The　President　or　his　representative　places　a　wreath　at　the　Tomb　and　a　bugler　sounds　Taps.　The　balance　of　the　ceremony，　including　a　“Parade　of　Flags”　by　numerous　veterans　service　organizations，　takes　place　inside　the　Memorial　Amphitheater，　adjacent　to　the　Tomb.

12In　addition　to　planning　and　coordinating　the　National　Veterans　Day　Ceremony，　the　Veterans　Day　National　Committee　supports　a　number　of　Veterans　Day　Regional　Sites.　These　sites　conduct　Veterans　Day　celebrations　that　provide　excellent　examples　for　other　communities　to　follow.

Veterans　Day　observance

13Veterans　Day　is　always　observed　on　November　11，　regardless　of　the　day　of　the　week　on　which　it　falls.　The　Veterans　Day　National　Ceremony　is　always　held　on　Veterans　Day　itself，　even　if　the　holiday　falls　on　a　Saturday　or　Sunday.　However，　like　all　other　federal　holidays，　when　it　falls　on　a　nonworkday—Saturday　or　Sunday—the　federal　government　employees　take　the　day　off　on　Monday（if　the　holiday　falls　on　Sunday）　or　Friday（if　the　holiday　falls　on　Saturday）.

14Federal　government　holiday　observance（for　federal　employees，　including　military）　is　established　by　federal　law.　Federal　government　establishes　the　following　public　holidays　for　Federal　employees：　New　Years　Day，　Birthday　of　Martin　Luther　King，　Jr.，　Washingtons　Birthday（Presidents　Day），　Memorial　Day，　Independence　Day，　Labor　Day，　Columbus　Day，　Veterans　Day，　Thanksgiving　Day　and　Christmas　Day.

15This　federal　law　does　not　apply　to　state　and　local　governments.　They　are　free　to　determine　local　government　closings（including　school　closings）　locally.　As　such，　there　is　no　legal　requirement　that　schools　close　of　Veterans　Day，　and　many　do　not.　However，　most　schools　hold　Veterans　Day　activities　on　Veterans　Day　and　throughout　the　week　of　the　holiday　to　honour　American　veterans.

Veterans　Day　around　the　world

16Many　other　countries　honour　their　veterans　on　November　11　of　each　year.　However，　the　name　of　the　holiday　and　the　types　of　ceremonies　differ　from　the　Veterans　Day　activities　in　the　United　States.

17Canada，　Australia　and　Great　Britain　refer　to　their　holidays　as　“Remembrance　Day［6］.”　Canada　and　Australia　observe　the　day　on　November　11，　and　Great　Britain　conducts　their　ceremonies　on　the　Sunday　nearest　to　November　11.

18In　Canada，　the　observance　of　“Remembrance　Day”　is　actually　quite　similar　to　the　United　States，　in　that　the　day　is　set　aside　to　honour　all　of　Canadas　veterans，　both　living　and　dead.　One　notable　difference　is　that　many　Canadians　wear　a　red　poppy　flower　on　November　11　to　honour　their　war　dead，　while　the　“red　poppy”　tradition　is　observed　in　the　United　States　on　Memorial　Day.

19In　Australia，　“Remembrance　Day”　is　very　much　like　Americas　Memorial　Day，　in　that　its　considered　a　day　to　honour　Australian　veterans　who　died　in　war.

20In　Great　Britain，　the　day　is　commemorated　by　church　services　and　parades　of　exservice　members　in　Whitehall，　a　wide　ceremonial　avenue　leading　from　Londons　Parliament　Square　to　Trafalgar　Square.　Wreaths　of　poppies　are　left　at　the　Cenotaph，　a　war　memorial　in　Whitehall，　which　was　built　after　the　First　World　War.　At　the　Cenotaph　and　elsewhere　in　the　country，　a　twominute　silence　is　observed　at　11　a.m.，　to　honour　those　who　lost　their　lives　in　wars.

Have　you　hugged　your　veteran　today?

21One　of　the　most　personal　and　meaningful　Veterans　Day　activities　for　people　is　to　send　notes　or　cards　to　hospitalized　veterans　or　those　living　in　veterans　homes.　Or，　better　yet，　visit　a　veteran　in　a　local　veterans　hospital　or　veterans　home.　The　best　way　to　have　a　“happy　Veterans　Day”　is　to　do　something　special　to　make　a　veteran　happy.

（1，157　words）

NOTES

［1］　Veterans　Day美国退伍军人节November　11，　observed　in　the　United　States　in　honour　of　veterans　of　the　armed　services　and　in　commemoration　of　the　armistice　that　ended　World　War　Ⅰ　in　1918.　In　1954　it　was　renamed　from　Armistice　Day　and　given　the　added　significance　of　honouring　veterans.

［2］　Armistice　Day休战纪念日November　11，　formerly　observed　in　the　United　States　in　commemoration　of　the　signing　of　the　armistice　ending　World　War　Ⅰ　in　1918.　Since　1954　it　has　been　incorporated　into　the　observances　of　Veterans　Day.

［3］　Westminster　Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂Londons　premier　church，　part　of　the　Church　of　England.　It　was　built　by　Edward　the　Confessor　and　opened　in　1065.

［4］　Arc　de　Triomphe（Arch　of　Triumph）凯旋门The　worlds　largest　triumphal　arch（凯旋门），　the　Arc　de　Triomphe　stands　at　one　end　of　Avenue　des　ChampsElysées（香榭丽舍大街），　in　the　center　of　Place　Charles　de　Gaulle（戴高乐广场）.

It　was　conceived　by　Napoleon　I　to　commemorate　his　military　victories.　The　arch

was　completed　in　1836;　it　stands　164　ft／50　m　high，　148　ft／45　m　wide　and　72　ft／22　m　deep.　In　1920，　the　body　of　an　unknown　soldier　killed　in　World　War　Ⅰ　was　interred（埋葬）　beneath　the　arch　and　an　eternal　flame　was　lit.　Every　evening　at　6：30，　the　flame　is　revived.

［5］　Arlington　National　Cemetery美国阿灵顿国家公墓A　national　burial　ground　at　the　Potomac　River，　in　Arlington　County，　Virginia.　It　became　a　military　cemetery　in　1864　by　order　of　the　Secretary　of　War，　and　on　May　13，　1864，　a　Confederate　prisoner　was　the　first　soldier　buried　there.　Since　then，　some　soldiers　from　all　subsequent　wars　in　which　the　United　States　has　participated　have　been　buried　in　the　cemetery，　including　a　few　officers　of　the　Revolutionary　War.　Memorials　located　at　the　site　include　the　Tomb　of　the　Unknown　Soldier（无名烈士墓）.

［6］　Remembrance　Day荣军纪念日The　Sunday　closest　to　November　11，　observed　in　Canada　and　Great　Britain　in　commemoration　of　those　killed　in　the　World　Wars.

MILITARY　TERMS

color　guard　护旗队

exservice　member　退役军人

service　member　现役军人

the　Tomb　of　the　Unknown　Soldiera　memorial　to　soldiers　killed　in　battle，　located　at　Arlington　National　Cemetery　in　Arlington，　Virginia　无名烈士墓

veteran／vetrn／　n.　an　old　soldier　who　has　seen　long　service　老兵，退伍军人

veterans　home　老兵疗养院（又叫veterans　hospital）

war　dead　阵亡将士

NEW　WORDS

act　／kt／　n.　a　law　that　has　been　passed　by　a　parliament　法令，法案

adjacent／desnt／　adj.　nearest　in　space　or　position;　immediately　adjoining　without　intervening　space邻近的，接近的

amphitheater／mft（r）／　n.　a　sloping　gallery　with　seats　for　spectators（as　in　an　operating　room　or　theater）　竞技场，似圆形剧场的场所

bill／bl／　n.　a　draft　of　a　proposed　law　presented　for　approval　to　a　legislative　body　议案，　法案

bugler／bjul（r）／　n.　someone　who　plays　a　bugle　喇叭手

dedicated／dedketd／　adj.　given　entirely　to　a　specific　person，　activity，　or　cause专注的，献身的

dignity／dnti／　n.　the　quality　of　being　worthy　of　esteem　or　respect　尊严，高贵

historically／hstrkli／　adv.　from　the　point　of　view　of　history　在历史上，从历史观点上说

hospitalize／hsptlaz／　v.　admit...　into　a　hospital　使……住院

hostility／hstlti／　n.　the　state　of　being　hostile　敌意，敌对

legislation／ledslen／　n.　law　enacted　by　a　legislative　body　立法，法律的制定（或通过）

observance／bzvns／　n.　the　act　of　observing　仪式，庆祝

overlook／vlk／　v.　①　look　down　on　俯瞰，远眺②　not　to　notice　忽略，忽视

poppy／ppi／　n.　annual　or　biennial　or　perennial　herbs　having　showy　flowers　［植］罂粟，深红色

rededicate　／rdedket／　v.　dedicate　anew　再次奉献

remains　／rmenz／　n.　the　dead　body　of　a　human　being　遗骸

representative／reprzenttv／　n.　a　person　who　represents　others　代表

reverence　／revrns／　n.　great　respect　and　admiration　mixed　with　love　敬畏，尊敬

reverse／rvs／　v.　turn　inside　out　or　upside　down　颠倒，倒转

symbolize／smblaz／　v.　represent　or　identify　by　using　a　symbol　象征

taps　／tps／　n.　a　signal　given　on　a　bugle，　drum,　etc.　indicating　that　lights　are　to　be　put　out　or　as　used　at　a　military　funeral　熄灯号，葬礼的安息号

thereafter／erft（r）／　adv.　from　that　time　on　其后，从那时以后

wreath／rｉ／　n.　arrangement　of　flowers　or　leaves，　esp.　in　a　circle，　such　as　one　given　at　a　funeral　花圈，花环

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　in　that［formal］　in　or　into　that　thing　or　place　由于，因为

2　make　up　ofput　together，　construct　or　compose　构成，组成

3　refer　tomake　mention　or　reference　提到，谈到，参考

4　regardless　ofin　spite　of　不管，不顾

PROPER　NAMES

Birmingham,　Ala［美］阿拉巴马州的伯明翰市

Birthday　of　Martin　Luther　King,　Jr.马丁·路德·金诞辰日

Cenotaph阵亡将士纪念碑（位于伦敦白厅大街）

Columbus　Day［美］哥伦布发现美洲纪念日

Edward　H.　Rees爱德华·H.里斯

Eisenhower艾森豪威尔（美国第三十四任总统）

Kansas堪萨斯州（美国中部一州名）

Memorial　Amphitheater露天会场纪念馆

Memorial　Day［美］阵亡将士纪念日

Parliament　Square［英］议会广场

Presidential　Order总统（行政）令

Raymond　Weeks雷蒙德·威克斯

the　Department　of　Veterans　Affairs［美］退伍军人事务部

the　Potomac　River波托马克河（美国一河流）

Trafalgar　Square［英］特拉法尔加广场

Veterans　Administration［美国］退伍军人管理局

Veterans　Day　National　Committee［美］退伍军人节全国委员会

Veterans　Day　Regional　Sites退伍军人节地区纪念点

Virginia弗吉尼亚州（美国东部大西洋沿岸一州名）

Washingtons　Birthday华盛顿诞辰纪念日（又叫Presidents　Day）

Whitehall白厅（泛指英国政府）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions：　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1　Whats　the　difference　between　Memorial　Day　and　Veterans　Day　according　to　the　passage?　Give　an　example　to　illustrate　it.

2　What　is　Armistice　Day?　Please　say　something　about　this　day.

3　How　do　American　people　celebrate　Veterans　Day　at　the　national　ceremony　of　this　day?

4　What　day　do　other　countries　observe　to　honour　their　veterans　according　to　the　passage?

5　What　is　one　of　the　most　personal　and　meaningful　Veterans　Day　activities　according　to　the　author?

Section　B

Directions：　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　Veterans　Day　is　the　day　America　sets　aside　to　honour　American　military　personnel　who　died　in　battle　or　as　a　result　of　wounds　sustained　from　combat.

2　Memorial　Day　is　the　day　set　aside　to　honour　Americas　war　dead.

3　November　11　of　each　year　is　the　day　that　Americans　ensure　veterans　know　that　American　people　deeply　appreciate　the　sacrifices　they　have　made　in　the　lives　to　keep　their　country　free.

4　To　commemorate　the　ending　of　the　“Great　War”（World　War　Ⅰ），　an　“unknown　soldier”　was　buried　in　highest　place　of　honour　in　both　England　and　France.

5　In　1927，　the　United　States　of　America　followed　France　and　England　by　laying　to　rest　the　remains　of　a　World　War　Ⅰ　American　soldier　on　a　Virginia　hillside　overlooking　the　city　of　Washington，　D.C.　and　the　Potomac　River.

6　In　1954，　President　Ulysses　S.　Grant　signed　a　bill　proclaiming　November　11　as　Veterans　Day，　and　called　upon　Americans　everywhere　to　rededicate　themselves　to　the　cause　of　peace.

7　The　entire　world　thought　that　World　War　Ⅰ　was　the　“war　to　end　all　wars.”

8　One　of　the　most　personal　and　meaningful　Veterans　Day　activities　for　people　is　to　send　notes　or　cards　to　hospitalized　veterans　or　those　living　in　veterans　homes.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

commemorate

reverence

reverse

hospitalize

adjacent

symbolize

legislation

overlook

observance

bill

1　The　F　X16s　and　other　military　equipment　will　help　protect　Iraqs　sovereignty，　meet　defense　needs　and　the　longterm　security　partnership，　according　to　the　joint　statement.

2　The　government　will　present　both　versions　to　all　political　parties　before　it　introduces　the　in　parliament　for　its　approval　next　month.

3　“There　is　nothing　more　sacred，　there　is　nothing　that　is　a　more　profound　obligation　than　treating　our　fallen　with　，　dignity　and　respect，”　Schwartz　said　during　a　Pentagon　news　conference　this　afternoon.

4　When　patients　with　SARS　massively，　the　department　of　nursing　administration　should　take　some　measures　to　deploy　timely，　add　and　adjust　nursing　resource　flexibly.

5　So　this　weekend，　as　we　Memorial　Day，　I　ask　you　to　hold　all　our　fallen　heroes　in　your　hearts，　and　if　you　can，　to　lay　a　flower　where　they　have　come　to　rest.

6　I　mean，　everybody　acknowledges　this　cannot　be　done　with　troops　alone，　but　troops　are　essential　at　least　in　the　near　term　to　try　to　the　slide　in　some　parts　of　the　country　in　security.

7　The　Palestinians　would　balk　at（回避）　that　as　far　too　much，　even　if　they　got　the　equivalent　acreage（面积）　back，　perhaps　to　the　Gaza　Strip.

8　House　Democrats　still　have　the　votes　to　push　the　through　their　chamber（议院）　before　the　outgoing　Congress　retires　at　the　end　of　the　year，　and　then　dare　the　Republicans　to　block　it　in　the　Senate.

9

It　would　be　fatal　for　the　nation　to　the　urgency　of　the　moment.

10　The　is　one　of　many　in　the　United　States　and　around　the　world　to　mark　the　91st　anniversary　of　the　ceasefire　agreement　that　ended　the　battles　of　World　War　Ⅰ.

Section　B

Directions：　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets.

1　his　historic　flight　he　became　an　international　hero　and　legend.（由于，作为……的结果）

2　the　pursuit　of　health　and　respect　for　animals，　people　who　choose　to　be　vegetarians　also　say　they　have　no　confidence　in　the　safety　of　meat.（除……之外）

3　The　task　force，　about　160　investigators，　analysts，　linguists　and　other　specialists，　plans　to　conduct　11　more　field　activities　in　2000，　5　each　in　Vietnam　and　Laos　and　1　in　Cambodia.（由……组成，由……构成）

4　I　do　not　know　anyone，　the　side　they　took　in　the　initial　debate，　who　thinks　this　task　will　be　easy;　indeed，　the　battle　against　Col.　Gaddafi　is　not　yet　won.（不管）

5　“Our　responsibility　to　the　Department　of　Defense　is　to　ensure　that　we　can　still　execute　the　core　missions　of　the　department　that　the　president　assigns　to　us，　critical　infrastructure　goes　down，”　Stockton　said.（虽然）

6　When　investigating　a　problem，　a　system　administrator　can　then　this　document　to　quickly　identify　the　affected　application（s），　and　contact　the　appropriate　people　who　can　help　further.（参考）

7　Nonetheless，　the　crew　members　will　know　that，　if　a　mission　to　the　Red　Planet　ever　does　，　they　will　have　played　a　significant　part　in　it.（发生）

8　He　said　the　terrorist　attacks，　however　devastating，　did　not　succeed，　they　did　not　break　the　spirit　of　their　many　victims.（因为）

Ⅲ　Reading　Practice

Directions：　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

Memorial　Day，　perhaps　more　than　any　other　holiday，　was　born　of　human　necessity.　Deep　inside　all　of　us　lie　a　fundamental　desire　to　make　sense　of　life　and　our　place　in　it　and　the　world.　What　we　have　been　given，　what　we　will　do　with　it　and　what　we　will　pass　to　the　next　generation　are　all　part　of　an　unfolding　history，　a　continuum　that　links　one　soul　to　another.

Abraham　Lincoln　pondered　these　thoughts　in　the　late　fall　of　1863　His　darkest　fear　was　that　he　might　well　be　the　last　President　of　the　United　States，　a　nation　embroiled　in　the　selfdestruction　of　what　he　described　as　“a　great　civil　war”　testing　whether　that　nation，　or　any　nation　so　conceived　and　so　dedicated　can　long　endure.　He　began　his　remarks　with　those　words　as　he　stood　on　the　battlefield　near　Gettysburg，　Pennsylvania，　on　November　19　of　that　year.　The　minutes　speech　that　became　known　as　Lincolns　Gettysburg　Address　turned　into　what　might　be　called　the　first　observance　of　Memorial　Day.　Lincolns　purpose　that　day　was　to　dedicate　a　portion　of　the　battlefield　as　a　cemetery　for　the　thousands　of　men，　both　living　and　dead，　who　consecrated　that　soil　in　the　sacrifice　of　battle.

About　that　same　time　in　1865，　a　druggist　in　Waterloo，　New　York，　Henry　C.　Welles，　began　promoting　the　idea　of　decorating　the　graves　of　Civil　War　veterans.　He　gained　the　support　of　the　Seneca　County　Clerk，　General　John　B.　Murray，　and　they　formed　a　committee　to　make　wreaths，　crosses　and　bouquets　for　each　veterans　grave.

Also，　as　the　Civil　War　was　coming　to　a　close　in　the　spring　of　1865，　Womens　Auxiliaries　of　the　North　and　South　moved　from　providing　relief　to　the　families　and　soldiers　on　their　own　sides　to　joining　in　efforts　to　preserve　and　decorate　the　graves　of　both　sides.　A　woman　of　French　extraction　and　leader　of　the　Virginia　Womens　Movement，　Cassandra　Oliver　Moncure，　took　responsibility　of　coordinating　the　activities　of　several　groups　into　a　combined　ceremony　on　May　30.　It　is　said　that　she　picked　that　day　because　it　corresponded　to　the　Day　of　Ashes　in　France，　a　solemn　day　that　commemorates　the　return　of　the　remains　of　Napoleon　Bonaparte　to　France　from　St.　Helena.

In　1971，　Congress　declared　Memorial　Day　a　national　holiday　to　be　celebrated　on　the　last　Monday　in　May.（Veterans　Day，　a　day　set　aside　to　honour　all　veterans，　living　and　dead，　is　celebrated　each　year　on　November　11.）

Today，　Memorial　Day　is　celebrated　at　Arlington　National　Cemetery　with　a　ceremony　in　which　a　small　American　flag　is　placed　on　each　grave.　Also，　it　is　customary　for　the　President　or　VicePresident　to　give　a　speech　honouring　the　contributions　of　the　dead　and　lay　a　wreath　at　the　Tomb　of　the　Unknown　Soldier.　About　5，000　people　attend　the　ceremony　annually.

Perhaps　General　Logans　proclamation　was　simply　the　making　official　of　what　the　nation　yearned　for　and　spontaneously　began　to　form　after　the　near　total　destruction　of　the　Civil　War.　It　is　that　sharing　of　loss，　honouring　the　sacrifices　of　those　who　made　possible　the　lives　we　enjoy　today，　and　family　connections　across　the　generations　that　keep　Memorial　Day　in　our　hearts...and　always　will.

1　Why　might　Lincolns　Gettysburg　Address　be　called　the　first　observance　of　Memorial　Day?

（A）　Because　Memorial　Day，　more　than　any　other　holiday，　was　born　of　human　necessity.

（B）　Because　Lincoln　feared　that　he　might　well　be　the　last　Psresident　of　the　United　States.

（C）　Because　Lincoln　declared　Memorial　Day　a　national　holiday　to　be　celebrated.

（D）　Because　Lincoln　wanted　to　dedicate　Gettysburg　to　honour　those　who　fought　in　Civil　War.

2　Where　is　Memorial　Day　celebrated?

（A）　Gettysburg，　Pennsylvania.

（B）　Waterloo，　New　York.

（C）　Arlington　National　Cemetery.

（D）　Seneca　County.

3　Who　dedicated　to　promoting　the　idea　of　decorating　the　graves　of　Civil　War　veterans?

（A）　Abraham　Lincoln.

（B）　Henry　C.　Welles.

（C）　Cassandra　Oliver　Moncure.

（D）　General　Logan.

4　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　TRUE　according　to　the　passage?

（A）　Memorial　Day　is　celebrated　on　November　11　each　year.

（B）　Memorial　Day　was　declared　a　national　holiday　to　be　celebrated　by　Congress　in　1865.

（C）　Henry　C.　Welles　formed　a　committee　to　make　wreaths，　crosses　and　bouquets　for　each　veterans　grave　on　his　own.

（D）　On　Memorial　Day　a　small　American　flag　is　placed　on　each　grave　at　Arlington　National　Cemetery.

5　What　is　Memorial　Day　inclined　to　commemorate　nowadays?

（A）　Americans　who　have　died　in　all　wars.

（B）　Thousands　of　Americans，　both　living　and　dead，　who　consecrated（牺牲）　in　Civil　War.

（C）　All　veterans，　living　and　dead.

（D）　The　return　of　the　remains　of　Napoleon　Bonaparte　to　France　from　St.　Helena.

Ⅳ　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese.

Today，　our　Nation　comes　together　to　honour　our　veterans　and　commemorate　the　legacy　of　profound　service　and　sacrifice　they　have　upheld　in　pursuit　of　a　more　perfect　Union.　Through　their　steadfast　defense　of　Americas　ideals，　our　service　members　have　ensured　our　country　still　stands　strong，　our　founding　principles　still　shine，　and　nations　around　the　world　know　the　blessings　of　freedom.　As　we　offer　our　sincere　appreciation　and　respect　to　our　veterans，　to　their　families，　to　those　who　are　still　in　harms　way，　and　to　those　we　have　laid　to　rest，　let　us　rededicate　ourselves　to　serving　them　as　well　as　they　have　served　the　United　States　of　America.

Section　B

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English.

值此退伍军人日，我们向我国退伍军人、捐躯将士和他们的家人致敬。为了表彰他们对我们国家的贡献，让我们重新坚定决心，信守我们对所有那些响应国家号召的人做出的承诺。我们在履行对他们的义务时，忠实于那些冒着生命危险保卫我们合众国的爱国者，以及我们共和国赖以建立的服务与牺牲的理念。

Ⅴ　Writing　Practice

Directions：　Write　a　short　essay　entitled　“The　Observance　of　the　Army　Day　in　China”　following　the　outline　below.　You　should　finish　the　essay　with　no　less　than　150　words.

1　中国的建军节日益升温已成为趋势；

2　建军节这天我们国家和个人进行各种各样的活动；

3　你对这种现象的态度。

Text　B

Ten　Facts　About　Memorial　Day［1］

1Memorial　Day　is　more　than　just　a　threeday　weekend　and　a　chance　to　get　the　years　first　sunburn.　Heres　a　handy　10pack　of　facts　to　give　the　holiday　some　perspective.

It　started　with　the　Civil　War［2］

2Memorial　Day　was　a　response　to　the　unprecedented　carnage　of　the　Civil　War，　in　which　some　620，000　soldiers　on　both　sides　died.　The　loss　of　life　and　its　effect　on　communities　throughout　the　North　and　South　led　to　spontaneous　commemorations　of　the　dead.

3In　1864，　women　from　Boalsburg，　Pennsylvania，　put　flowers　on　the　graves　of　their　dead　from　the　justfought　Battle　of　Gettysburg［3］.　The　next　year，　a　group　of　women　decorated　the　graves　of　soldiers　buried　in　a　Vicksburg，　Mississippi，　cemetery.

4In　April，　1866，　women　from　Columbus，　Mississippi，　laid　flowers　on　the　graves　of　both　Union　and　Confederate　soldiers.　It　was　recognized　at　the　time　as　an　act　of　healing　regional　wounds.　In　the　same　month，　up　in　Carbondale，　Illinois，　219　Civil　War　veterans　marched　through　town　in　memory　of　the　fallen　to　Woodlawn　Cemetery［4］，　where　Union　hero　Maj.　Gen.　John　A.　Logan　delivered　the　principal　address.　The　ceremony　gave　Carbondale　its　claim　to　the　first　organized，　communitywide　Memorial　Day　observance.　Although　many　towns　claimed　the　title，　it　was　Waterloo　that　won　congressional　recognition　as　the　“birthplace　of　Memorial　Day.”

General　Logan　made　it　official

5Gen.　Logan，　the　speaker　at　the　Carbondale　gathering，　also　was　commander　of　the　Grand　Army　of　the　Republic［5］，　an　organization　of　Union　veterans.　On　May　5，　1868，　he　issued　General　Orders　No.11，　which　set　aside　May　30，　1868，　“for　the　purpose　of　strewing　with　flowers，　or　otherwise　decorating　the　graves　of　comrades　who　died　in　defense　of　their　country　during　the　late　rebellion...”　The　orders　expressed　hope　that　the　observance　would　be　“kept　up　from　year　to　year　while　a　survivor　of　the　war　remains　to　honour　the　memory　of　his　departed　comrades.”

It　was　first　known　as　Decoration　Day

6From　the　practice　of　decorating　graves　with　flowers，　wreaths　and　flags，　the　holiday　was　long　known　as　Decoration　Day.　The　name　Memorial　Day　goes　back　to　1882，　but　the　older　name　didnt　disappear　until　after　World　War　Ⅱ.　Federal　law　declared　“Memorial　Day”　the　official　name　in　1967.

The　holiday　is　a　franchise

7Calling　Memorial　Day　a　“national　holiday”　is　a　bit　of　a　misnomer.　While　there　are　11　“federal　holidays”　created　by　Congress—including　Memorial　Day—they　apply　only　to　Federal　employees　and　the　District　of　Columbia.　Federal　Memorial　Day，　established　in　1888，　allowed　Civil　War　veterans，　many　of　whom　were　drawing　a　government　paycheck，　to　honour　their　fallen　comrades　without　being　docked　a　days　pay.

8For　the　rest　of　us，　our　holidays　were　enacted　state　by　state.　New　York　was　the　first　state　to　designate　Memorial　Day　a　legal　holiday　in　1873　Most　Northern　states　had　followed　suit　by　the　1890s.　The　states　of　the　former　Confederacy　were　unenthusiastic　about　a　holiday　memorializing　those　who，　in　Gen.　Logans　words，　“united　to　suppress　the　late　rebellion.”　The　South　didnt　adopt　the　May　30　Memorial　Day　until　after　World　War　Ⅰ，　by　which　time　its　purpose　had　been　broadened　to　include　those　who　died　in　all　the　countrys　wars.

9In　1971，　the　Monday　Holiday　Law［6］　shifted　Memorial　Day　from　May　30，　to　the　last　Monday　of　the　month.

It　was　James　Garfields　finest　hour—or　maybe　hourandahalf

10On　May　30，　1868，　President　Ulysses　S.　Grant　presided　over　the　first　Memorial　Day　ceremony　at　Arlington　National　Cemetery—which，　until　1864，　was　Confederate　Gen.　Robert　E.　Lees　plantation.

11Some　5，000　people　attended　on　a　spring　day　which，　the　New　York　Times　reported，　was　“somewhat　too　warm　for　comfort.”　The　principal　speaker　was　James　A.　Garfield，　a　Civil　War　general，　Republican　congressman　from　Ohio　and　future　president.

12“I　am　oppressed　with　a　sense　of　the　impropriety　of　uttering　words　on　this　occasion，”　Garfield　began，　and　then　continued　to　utter　them.　“If　silence　is　ever　golden，　it　must　be　beside　the　graves　of　15，000　men，　whose　lives　were　more　significant　than　speech，　and　whose　death　was　a　poem　the　music　of　which　can　never　be　sung.”　It　went　on　like　that　for　pages　and　pages.

13As　the　songs，　speeches　and　sermons　ended，　the　participants　helped　to　decorate　the　graves　of　the　Union　and　Confederate　soldiers　buried　in　the　cemetery.

Not　even　the　Unknown　Soldier　can　avoid　media　scrutiny　these　days

14“Here　rests　in　honoured　glory　an　American　soldier　known　but　to　God.”　That　is　the　inscription　on　the　Tomb　of　the　Unknowns，　established　at　Arlington　National　Cemetery　to　inter　the　remains　of　the　first　Unknown　Soldier，　a　World　War　Ⅰ　fighter，　on　November　11，　1921　Unknown　soldiers　from　World　War　Ⅱ　and　the　Korean　War［7］　subsequently　were　interred　in　the　tomb　on　Memorial　Day　in　1958.

15An　emotional　President　Ronald　Reagan　presided　over　the　interment　of　six　bones，　the　remains　of　an　unidentified　Vietnam　War　soldier，　on　November　28，　1984　Fourteen　years　later，　those　remains　were　disinterred，　no　longer　unknown.　Spurred　by　an　investigation　by　CBS　News，　the　Defense　Department　removed　the　remains　from　the　Tomb　of　the　Unknowns　for　DNA　testing.

16The　onceunknown　fighter　was　Air　Force　pilot　Lt.　Michael　Joseph　Blassie，　whose　jet　crashed　in　South　Vietnam　in　1972　“The　CBS　investigation　suggested　that　the　military　review　board　that　had　changed　the　designation　on　Lt.　Blassies　remains　to　‘unknown’　did　so　under　pressure　from　veterans　groups　to　honour　a　casualty　from　the　Vietnam　War，”　the　New　York　Times　reported　in　1998.

17Lt.　Blassie　was　reburied　near　his　hometown　of　St.　Louis，　Missouri.　His　crypt　at　Arlington　remains　permanently　empty.

Vietnam　vets　go　whole　hog

18On　Memorial　Day　weekend　in　1988，　2，500　motorcyclists　rode　into　Washington，　D.C.，　for　the　first　Rolling　Thunder　rally　to　draw　attention　to　Vietnam　War　soldiers　still

missing　in　action　or　prisoners　of　war.　By　2002，　the　number　had　swelled　to　300，000　bikers，　many　of　them　veterans.　There　may　have　been　a　halfmillion　participants　in　2005　in　what　organizers　bluntly　call　“a　demonstration—not　a　parade.”

19A　national　veterans　rights　group，　Rolling　Thunder，　takes　its　name　from　the　B52　carpetbombing　runs　during　the　war　in　Vietnam.　Rolling　Thunder　XXII　is　Sunday，　May　24.

Memorial　Day　has　its　customs

20General　Orders　No.11　stated　that　“in　this　observance　no　form　of　ceremony　is　prescribed，”　but　over　time　several　customs　and　symbols　became　associated　with　the　holiday.

21It　is　customary　on　Memorial　Day　to　fly　the　flag　at　half　staff　until　noon，　and　then　raise　it　to　the　top　of　the　staff　until　sunset.

22Taps，　the　24note　bugle　call，　is　played　at　all　military　funerals　and　memorial　services.　It　originated　in　1862　when　Union　Gen.　Dan　Butterfield　“grew　tired　of　the　‘lights　out’　call　sounded　at　the　end　of　each　day，”　according　to　The　Washington　Post.　Together　with　the　brigade　bugler，　Butterfield　made　some　changes　to　the　tune.

23Not　long　after，　the　melody　was　used　at　a　burial　for　the　first　time，　when　a　battery　commander　ordered　it　played　in　lieu　of　the　customary　three　rifle　volleys　over　the　grave.　The　battery　was　so　close　to　enemy　lines，　the　commander　was　worried　the　shots　would　spark　renewed　fighting.

24The　World　War　Ⅰ　poem　“In　Flanders　Fields”　by　John　McCrea　inspired　the　Memorial　Day　custom　of　wearing　red　artificial　poppies.　In　1915，　a　Georgia　teacher　and　volunteer　war　worker　named　Moina　Michael　began　a　campaign　to　make　the　poppy　a　symbol　of　tribute　to　veterans　and　for　“keeping　the　faith　with　all　who　died.”　The　sale　of　poppies　has　supported　the　work　of　the　Veterans　of　Foreign　Wars.

There　is　still　a　grey　Memorial　Day

25Several　Southern　states　continue　to　set　aside　a　day　for　honouring　the　Confederate　dead，　which　is　usually　called　Confederate　Memorial　Day.　Alabama：　fourth　Monday　in　April;　Georgia：　April　26;　Louisiana：　June　3;　Mississippi：　last　Monday　in　April;　North　Carolina：　May　10;　South　Carolina：　May　10;　Tennessee（Confederate　Decoration　Day）：　June　3;　Texas（Confederate　Heroes　Day）：　January　19;　Virginia：　last　Monday　in　May.

Each　Memorial　Day　is　a　little　different

26No　question　that　Memorial　Day　is　a　solemn　event.　Still，　you　dont　feel　too　guilty　about　doing　something　frivolous，　like　having　barbecue，　over　the　weekend.　After　all，　you　werent　the　one　who　instituted　the　Indianapolis　500　on　May　30，　1911　That　credit　goes　to　Indianapolis　businessman　Carl　Fisher.　The　winning　driver　that　day　was　Ray　Harroun，　who　averaged　746　mph　and　completed　the　race　in　6　hours　and　42　minutes.

27Gravitas　returned　on　May　30，　1922，　when　the　Lincoln　Memorial　was　dedicated.　Supreme　Court　chief　justice（and　former　president）　William　Howard　Taft　dedicated　the　monument　before　a　crowd　of　50，000　people，　segregated　by　race，　and　which　included　a　row　of　Union　and　Confederate　veterans.　Also　attending　was　Lincolns　surviving　son，　Robert　Todd　Lincoln.

28And　in　2000，　Congress　established　the　National　Moment　of　Remembrance［8］，　which　asks　Americans　to　pause　for　one　minute　at　3　p.m.　in　an　act　of　national　unity.　The　time　was　chosen　because　3　p.m.　“is　the　time　when　most　Americans　are　enjoying　their　freedoms　on　the　national　holiday.”

（1，534　words）

NOTES

［1］　Memorial　Day（美国）阵亡将士纪念日It　is　also　called　Decoration　Day　and　observed　in　the　United　States　in　commemoration　of　those　members　of　the　armed　forces　killed　in　war　on　May　30.　It　is　officially　observed　on　the　last　Monday　in　May.

［2］　the　Civil　War美国内战，南北战争It　is　the　most　important　event　in　the　history　of　the　U.S.A.　Conflict　between　the　U.S.　federal　government　and　11　Southern　states　fought　to　secede（脱离）　from　the　Union.　It　resulted　from　a　fundamental　disagreement　between　two　sections，　North　and　South，　about　the　place　of　chattel　slavery（奴隶制度）　in　the　Union.　Without　the　slavery　question　there　would　have　been　no　war.　The　Southerns　emphasis　on　“states　rights”　was　essentially　a　coded　phrase　for　the　defence　of　slavery.　It　arose　out　of　disputes　over　the　issues　of　slavery，　trade　and　tariffs，　and　the　doctrine　of　states　rights.

［3］　Battle　of　Gettysburg（南北战争中）葛底斯堡战役It　is　a　major　engagement（July　13，　1863）　in　the　American　Civil　War　at　Gettysburg，　Pa.，　and　regarded　as　the　wars　turning　point.

［4］　Woodlawn　Cemetery伍德劳恩公墓A　cemetery　located　at　19975　Woodward　Avenue，　across　from　the　Michigan　State　Fairgrounds，　between　7　Mile　Road　and　8　Mile　Road，　in　Detroit，　Michigan.　It　is　one　of　the　areas　most　wellknown　cemeteries.

［5］　the　Grand　Army　of　the　Republic（美国）内战联邦退伍军人协会The　Grand　Army　of　the　Republic　encompassed　all　of　the　major　ground　forces　on　the　Union　side　during　the　war，　notably　the　Army　of　the　Potomac　in　the　east，　and　of　the　Cumberland　and　the　Tennessee　in　the　west.　The　Grand　Army　of　the　Republic　was　also　a　successful　political　lobbying（游说）　organization　for　many　years　after　the　war，obtaining　some　benefits　for　veterans　as　well　as　for　itself.

［6］　the　Monday　Holiday　Law星期一假日法（June　28，　1968）　President　Lyndon　B.　Johnson　approved　PL　90363，　which　amended　section　6103（a）　of　Title　5，　United　States　Code，　establishing　Monday　observance　of　Washingtons　Birthday，　Memorial　Day，　Labour　Day，　Columbus　Day　and　Veterans　Day.　The　new　holiday　law　took　effect　on　Jan.　1，　1971　The　observance　of　the　Veterans　Day　subsequently　reverted　to　its　former　date，　Nov.　11.

［7］　the　Korean　War朝鲜战争A　conflict　that　lasted　from　1950　to　1953　between　North　Korea，　aided　by　China，　and　South　Korea，　aided　by　United　Nations　forces　consisting　primarily　of　U.S.　troops.

［8］　the　National　Moment　of　Remembrance全国追思时刻The　National　Moment　of　Remembrance，　established　by　Congress，　asks　Americans，　wherever　they　are，　at　3　p.m.（local　time）　on　Memorial　Day，　to　pause　in　an　act　of　national　unity　for　a　duration　of　one　minute.　The　time　3　p.m.　was　chosen　because　it　is　the　time　when　most　Americans　are　enjoying　their　freedom　on　the　national　holiday.　The　Moment　does　not　replace　traditional　Memorial　Day　events;　rather，　it　is　an　act　of　national　unity　in　which　all　Americans，　alone　or　with　family　and　friends，　honour　those　who　died　in　service　to　the　United　States.

MILITARY　TERMS

battery　炮兵连

carpetbomb／kɑptbm／　vt./n.　bomb　in　a　systematic　and　extensive　pattern，　so　as　to　devastate　a　large　target　area　uniformly（对……）进行地毯式轰炸，（对……）进行密集轰炸；地毯式轰炸

military　review　board　军事审查委员会

missing　in　action　战斗中失踪（人员）

NEW　WORDS

average／vrd／　v.　amount　to　or　come　to　an　average，　without　loss　or　gain　平均为，达到平均水平

carnage／knd／　n.　the　savage　and　excessive　killing　of　many　people（尤指在战场上的）残杀，大屠杀，流血

confederate／knfedrt／　n.　a　person　who　joins　with　another　in　carrying　out　some　plan（especially　an　unethical　or　illegal　plan）同盟者，同盟国

congressional／knrenl／　adj.　of　or　relating　to　congress　会议的，大会的，国会的

crypt／krpt／　n.　a　cellar　or　vault　or　underground　burial　chamber（especially　beneath　a　church）　地穴，墓穴

customary／kstmri／　adj.　in　accordance　with　convention　or　custom　习惯的，惯例的

dedicate／dedket／　v.　give　entirely　to　a　specific　person，　activity　or　cause　献（身），　致力于

disinter　／　dsnt／　v.　dig　up　（esp.　a　body　from　a　grave）　掘出，发掘

dock　／dk／　v.　take　away　（esp.　money）　from　（something　else,　esp.　wages）　扣　（钱）

enact／nkt／　v.　order　by　virtue　of　superior　authority;　decree　制定法律，颁布

franchise／frntaz／　n.　a　statutory　right　or　privilege　granted　to　a　person　or　group　by　a　government（especially　the　rights　of　citizenship　and　the　right　to　vote）　特权，公民权

frivolous／frvls／　adj.　not　serious　in　content　or　attitude　or　behaviour　轻佻的，琐碎的，　妄动的

impropriety／mprprati／　n.　an　indecent　or　improper　act　不适当，不恰当

inscription／nskrpn／　n.　letters　inscribed（especially　words　engraved　or　carved）　on　something　题字，碑铭

institute／nsttjut／　v.　set　up　or　lay　the　groundwork　for　创立，开始，制定

inter／nt（r）／　v.　place　in　a　grave　or　tomb　埋葬，葬，埋

interment／ntmnt／　n.　the　ritual　placing　of　a　corpse　in　a　grave　埋葬，葬礼

misnomer／msnm（r）／　n.　an　incorrect　or　unsuitable　name　①　用词不当②　［律］（在诉讼等中）写错姓名（或地名）

mph（miles　per　hour）　n.　the　ratio　of　the　distance　traveled（in　miles）　to　the　time　spent　traveling（in　hours）　时速（每小时所行驶之英里数）

plantation／plnten／　n.　an　estate　where　cash　crops　are　grown　on　a　large　scale（especially　in　tropical　areas）　耕地，种植园，大农场

rebellion／rbeljn／　n.　refusal　to　accept　some　authority　or　code　or　convention　谋反，叛乱，反抗，不服从

scrutiny／skrutni／　n.　the　act　of　examining　something　closely（as　for　mistakes）　详细审查

segregate　／seret／　v.　separate　by　race　or　religion　在……实行种族隔离

sermon／smn／　n.　an　address　of　a　religious　nature（usually　delivered　during　a　church　service）　训诫，说教，布道

solemn／slm／　adj.　dignified　and　somber　in　manner　or　character　and　committed　to　keeping　promises　庄严的，隆重的，严肃的

spontaneous／spntenis／　adj.　happening　or　arising　without　apparent　external　cause自发的，自然产生的

spur　／sp／　v.　incite　or　stimulate鼓舞，刺激

strew／stru／　v.　spread　by　scattering散播，点缀，撒满

swell／swel／　v.　increase　in　size，　magnitude，　number　or　intensity（使）　膨胀，增大

tribute／trbjut／　n.　something　given　or　done　as　an　expression　of　esteem　贡品，礼物，颂词，贡物

volley／vli／　n.　rapid　simultaneous　discharge　of　firearms（箭，　子弹，　枪，　炮等）　群射，齐发

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　apply　toaffect　or　be　relevant　to　a　particular　person　or　thing　适用于，运用于

2　be　associated　withbe　connected　with　something　in　some　way　与……相联系，与……有关

3　be　oppressed　withsuffering　from　unfair　and　cruel　treatment　by　a　more　powerful　person　or　government　受压迫于，因……难过

4　draw　attention　tomake　people　notice　sb.　or　sth.　使引起……注意

5　follow　suitdo　what　someone　else　is　doing效仿

6　for　the　purpose　ofwhen　considering　one　particular　thing　为了……（的目的）

7　go　back　toreturn　to　a　person，　place，　subject　or　activity　追溯到

8　go（the）whole　hogdo　something　thoroughly　全力以赴

9　in　lieu　ofin　place　of　代替

10　set　asidekeep　or　save　something　from　a　larger　amount　or　supply　in　order　to　use　it　later　for　a　particular　purpose　留出，拨出

PROPER　NAMES

Boalsburg,　Pennsylvania［美］宾夕法尼亚州的博尔斯堡市

Carbondale,　Illinois［美］伊利诺伊州卡本代尔市

Carl　Fisher卡尔·费休（人名）

CBS　News美国哥伦比亚广播公司

Dan　Butterfield丹·巴特菲尔德（美内战时北方部队一将军）

Indianapolis印第安纳波利斯（美国印第安纳州首府）

James　Garfield詹姆斯·加菲尔德（人名）

John　A.　Logan约翰·洛根（人名）

Michael　Joseph　Blassie迈克尔·约瑟夫·布雷西（人名）

Ray　Harroun雷·哈罗恩（人名）

Robert　E.　Lee罗伯特·李（美南北战争中南方著名将领）

Robert　Todd　Lincoln罗伯特·托德·林肯

Rolling　Thunder雷鸣车队集会纪念活动

The　Lincoln　Memorial林肯纪念堂

The　New　York　Times［美］纽约时报

The　Washington　Post［美］华盛顿邮报

Ulysses　S.　Grant尤利塞斯·格兰特（美国第18任总统）

Veterans　of　Foreign　Wars海外退伍军人协会

Vicksburg,　Mississippi［美］密西西比州的维克斯堡市

William　Howard威廉·霍华德（人名）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text.

1　Why　can　we　connect　Memorial　Day　with　the　Civil　War?

（A）　It　was　recognized　at　the　time　as　an　act　of　healing　regional　wounds.

（B）　It　was　a　response　to　the　unprecedented　carnage　of　the　Civil　War，　in　which　620，000　soldiers　on　both　sides　died.

（C）　It　gave　Carbondale　its　claim　to　the　first　organized，　communitywide　observance　of　Memorial　Day.

（D）　It　went　back　to　1882，　but　the　older　name　didnt　disappear　until　after　World　War　Ⅱ.

2　Who　made　Memorial　Day　official?

（A）　Union　and　Confederate　soldiers.

（B）　General　Logan.

（C）　Union　hero　Maj.　Gen.　John　A.　Logan.

（D）　President　Ulysses　S.　Grant.

3　Why　was　Memorial　Day　first　known　as　Decoration　Day?

（A）　Because　people　decorate　their　houses　to　pay　tribute　to　those　war　dead　on　this　day.

（B）　Because　veterans　decorate　their　houses　in　memory　of　those　war　dead　on　this　day.

（C）　Because　people　decorate　the　graves　with　flowers，　wreaths　and　flags　on　this　day.

（D）　Because　veterans　go　to　visit　the　graves　decorated　with　various　kinds　of　medals　on　this　day.

4　Which　of　the　following　statements　about　Memorial　Days　customs　is　NOT　mentioned　in　the　passage?

（A）　Flying　the　flag　at　half　staff　until　noon，　and　raising　it　to　the　top　of　the　staff　until　sunset.

（B）　Playing　taps　at　all　military　funerals　and　memorial　services.

（C）　Wearing　a　red　poppy　flower.

（D）　Commemorating　by　church　services　and　parades　of　exservice　members　in　Whitehall.

5　In　this　sentence　“Calling　Memorial　Day　a　‘national　day’　is　a　bit　of　a　misnomer，”　what　does　the　word　“misnomer”　mean?

（A）　An　incorrect　or　unsuitable　name.

（B）　Assigning　an　incorrect　name　to.

（C）　Being　approximately　average　or　within　certain　limits.

（D）　Forming　a　right　angle.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.

1　This　is　not　just　because　the　recession　has　been　so　severe，　but　also　because　its　interventions　during　the　course　of　this　crisis　have　been　u　in　range　and　scale.

2　The　s　protests　are　the　largest　since　the　country　plunged　into　recession　in　2008，　and　theyre　made　up　mainly　of　young　people　who　have　set　up　camps　in　main　squares　across　the　country.

3　The　military　should　not　be　permitted　to　expend　considerable　national　resources　in　this　effort，　without　c　and　public　oversight（监督）.

4　The　Jews　are　broken　and　gone;　the　fragments　of　their　people　s　the　world.

5　As　part　of　the　program，　Lincoln　would　pardon　all　political　crimes　resulting　from　the　southern　r.　He　also　would　return　all　property　seized　by　Union　forces.

6　With　the　mark　of　KFC　into　China　in　1987,f　has　been　developed　quickly　during　20　years,becoming　an　outstanding　economic　power　among　the　numerous　business　operation　modes.

7　As　a　permanent　member　of　the　United　Nations　Security　Council，　China　helped　e　tough　sanctions，　and　now　we　are　working　together　to　implement　them.

8　The　southern　states　named　themselves　the　“C　States　of　America”　which　survived　until　1865　when　Union　troops　finally　took　the　capital,　Richmond.

9　Given　what　actually　happened　in　the　Sovietoccupied　part　of　Europe　after　1945，　views　may　differ　on　the　merits　of　that　i.

10　We　must　d　ourselves　to　protecting　what　we　have　always　known：　We　are　stronger　as　a　nation　when　we　draw　strength　from　the　very　best　who　come　to　our　shores.

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.　Remember　there　are　more　expressions　than　blanks.

set　aside

for　the　purpose　of

be　known　as

go　back　to

apply　to

be　oppressed　with

draw　attention　to

be　associated　with

1　The　politicians　cant　be　said　to　want　independence，　they　have　never　been　the　government，　and　they　have　never　been　exploited　by　the　government.

2　She　boarded　one　of　the　last　lifeboats　which　contained　just　five　passengers　and　seven　crew　members，　who　on　hearing　the　screams，　refused　to　search　for　more　survivors.

3　In　a　parallel　way，　most　Americans　became　aware　of　Reagan　when　he　made　what　came　to　The　Speech　in　1964，　supporting　Barry　Goldwater.

4　Those,　whose　selfesteem　is　primarily　dependent,　do　things　gaining　further　approval—their　primary　concern　is　to　impress　others　rather　than　to　express　themselves.

5　Joey　Cheek，　the　Winter　Olympic　gold　medalist　founder　of　a　group　of　athletes　seeking　to　the　conflict　in　Sudans　Darfur　region，　said　his　visa　to　China　had　been　revoked　this　week.

6　Therefore,　for　the　sake　of　humannature　harmony　and　to　support　theoretically　the　current　environment　protection,　they　two　should　the　divergence　and　strive　for　common　understanding.

7　Would　breeding　humans　without　stathmin　or　other　genes　fear　reactions　engender　more　courageous　fighters?

8　We　went　through　this　after　the　Haiti　earthquake,　and　all　of　the　arguments　which　applied　there　Japan　as　well.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

alongside／lsad／　adv.　在旁边

at　all　costs（　=at　any　cost）不惜任何代价，无论如何

CommanderinChief总司令

condolence／kndulns／　n.　哀悼，吊唁

grill／rl／　n.　烤架，铁格子，烤肉

health　care　n.　医疗保健，卫生保健

reaffirm／rｉfm／　v.　重申，再肯定

take　an　oath宣誓，发誓

turn　upside　down完全颠倒

wellearned　adj.　完全应当的

Proper　Names

Danang岘港（越南港市）

Hamburger　Hill汉堡高地

Hue顺化（越南城市）

Task　1Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1　This　（1）　Day，　Michelle　and　I　will　join　Gold　Star　families，　（2）　，　and　their　families　at　Arlington　National　（3）　.　Well　pay　（4）　to　patriots　of　every　generation　who　gave　the　last　full　measure　of　（5）　，　from　Lexington　and　Concord　to　Iraq　and　（6）　.

2　Our　men　and　women　in　（1）　took　an　（2）　to　defend　our　country　at　all　costs，　and　today，　as　members　of　the　finest　military　the　world　has　ever　known，　they　uphold　that　oath　with　（3）　and　（4）　.　As　President，　I　have　no　higher　（5）　than　serving　as　their　CommanderinChief.　But　with　that　honour　comes　a　（6）　responsibility—one　that　gets　driven　home　every　time　I　sign　a　（7）　letter，　or　meet　a　family　member　whose　life　has　been　turned　upside　down.

Task　2Gap　Filling

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　or　expressions　given　in　the　word　bank.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

dedication

sacrifice

commitment

uniform

pay　tribute　to

remind

President　Obama　（1）　our　men　and　women　in　（2）　who　have　died　in　service　to　our　country.　The　President　also　reaffirmed　our　nations　（3）　to　serving　our　veterans　as　well　as　they　have　served　us，　and　thanked　our　men　and　women　in　uniform　for　their　unwavering　（4）　to　the　United　States.　As　we　come　together　on　Memorial　Day，　we　（5）　our　military　families　and　veterans　that　they　are　not　alone，　and　give　our　thanks　to　those　who　made　the　ultimate　（6）　and　helped　make　America　the　most　prosperous　and　powerful　nation　on　earth.

Task　3Roleplaying（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　try　to　imitate　the　speaker　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

wellearned

health　care

condolence

turn　upside　down

measure

patriot

CommanderinChief

commit　to

reaffirm

take　an　oath

Passage　Listening　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

aircraft　carrier航空母舰

distinction／dstkn／　n.　区别，差别，级别

navy／nevi／　n.　海军

partisanship／ptznp／　n.　党派性，党派偏见

spouse／spas／　n.　配偶（指夫或妻）

unwind／nwand／　v.　展开，放松，伸直

wind　down逐步结束，平静下来，放松一下

Proper　Names

American　Jobs　Act美国就业法案

Carl　Vinson卡尔文森号（美军航空母舰）

Returning　Heroes　Tax　Credit归国英雄税收优惠

San　Diego圣地亚哥（美国加州港口城市，有多处美军事基地）

Wounded　Warriors　Tax　Credit受伤勇士税收抵免

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　President　Obama　spoke　from　the　U.S.S　Carl　Vinson　in　San　Diego　during　Veterans　Day，　and　he　called　on　all　Americans　to　rededicate　themselves　to　serving　our　brave　men　and　women　in　uniform　as　well　as　they　have　served　us.

2　Today，　there　are　more　than　85，000　veterans　unemployed，　which　is　why　the　President　issued　a　challenge　to　private　companies　to　hire　or　train　more　than　100，000　post9／11　veterans　or　their　spouses　by　2013.

3　President　Obama　was　pleased　to　see　the　Senate　pass　proposals　in　his　American　Jobs　Act　on　Thursday　to　give　businesses　tax　credits　for　hiring　veterans.

4　Thanks　to　the　hard　work　of　Michelle　and　Dr.Jill　Biden，　companies　announced　their　commitment　to　train　or　hire　185，000　more　over　the　next　two　years.

5　President　Obama　told　veterans　that　just　as　they　have　fought　for　us，　he　will　continue　to　fight　for　jobs　and　opportunities　for　them，　and　that　the　United　States　will　always　honour　their　service　and　sacrifice.

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1　It　also　gave　members　of　our　military　and　our　（1）　a　chance　to　（2）　a　little　bit，　and　on　this　Veterans　Day，　I　want　to　take　this　（3）　to　thank　all　our　men　and　women　in　uniform　for　their　service　and　their　sacrifice.　But　this　day　isnt　just　about　thanking　our　veterans.　Its　about　（4）　ourselves　to　serving　our　veterans　as　well　as　theyve　served　us.　And　right　now，　thats　never　been　more　important.

2　These　（1）　will　go　a　long　way　towards　putting　our　veterans　back　to　work.　And　on　Thursday，　I　was　pleased　to　see　the　（2）　put　partisanship　aside　and　come　together　to　pass　these　tax　（3）　.　After　all，　standing　up　for　our　veterans　isnt　a　（4）　responsibility　or　a　（5）　responsibility—its　an　American　responsibility.　Its　one　that　all　of　us　have　an　（6）　to　meet.　And　the　（7）　should　pass　this　（8）　as　soon　as　possible　so　I　can　sign　it　into　law.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

call　on

veteran

unemployed

private　company

Senate

tax　credit

rededicate

fight　for

honour

sacrifice

Video　Watching

Words　&　Expressions

count　on指望，依靠

farmhouse／fmhas／　n.　农舍，农家

hell／hel／　n.　地狱，苦境

matter／mt／　v.　有关系，要紧

shard／d／　n.　碎片，破片

shrapnel／rpnl／　n.　榴霰弹，弹片

souvenir／suvn（r）／　n.　纪念品

take　off离开，过世，起飞

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1　What　is　Kyllas　grandfathers　understanding　of　the　word　“souvenirs”?

2　Why　did　Kyllas　grandfather　say　“Theres　no　right　or　wrong　in　combat，　theres　only　what　you　did”?

3　What　is　the　most　important　thing　for　Kyllas　grandfather　when　he　passed　away　according　to　the　video?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1　（1）　，　happiness，　friendship，　death.　Smells　of　diesel　and　dead　animals.　Eating　meals　within　arms　length　of　（2）　men　you　laughed　with　a　day　before.　People　wonder　if　leaders　are　born　or　（3）　.　All　I　know　is　you　can　see　it　in　a　mans　（4）　.　Problem　is，　leaders　end　up　where　theyre　needed　most.　And　eventually，　thats　war.

2　If　you　do　wear　the　（1）　on　day，　remember　something：　When　you　put　it　on，　you　dont　get　to　（2）　the　war，　or　what　happens　when　you　get　there.　Theres　no　right　or　wrong　in　（3）　，　theres　only　what　you　did.　You　do　your　best，　and　you　try　to　（4）　with　it.

3　Some　day　theyll　take　me　off　this　（1）　for　good.　When　that　happens，　whats　left　that　（2）　.　（3）　，　letters，　empty　clothes?　No，　its　the　stories　behind　them，　those　are　what　matter.　Stories　（4）　forever，　but　only　if　you　tell　them.　I　may　sound　like　Ive　known　this　a　long　time.　I　didnt　know　it　until　today.　I　just　wanted　to　say　thank　you　for　teaching　me　that.　It　was　one　hell　of　a　（5）　.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

flood　back

souvenir

shrapnel

count　on

live

farmhouse

happiness

death

uniform

matter

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Memorial　Day

It　was　1866　and　the　United　States　was　recovering　from　the　long　and　bloody　Civil　War　between　the　North　and　the　South.　Surviving　soldiers　came　home，　some　with　missing　limbs，　and　all　with　stories　to　tell.　Henry　Welles，　a　drugstore　owner　in　Waterloo，　New　York，　heard　the　stories　and　had　an　idea.　He　suggested　that　all　the　shops　in　town　close　for　one　day　to　honour　the　soldiers　who　were　killed　in　the　Civil　War　and　were　buried　in　the　Waterloo　cemetery.　On　the　morning　of　May　5，　the　townspeople　placed　flowers，　wreaths　and　crosses　on　the　graves　of　the　Northern　soldiers　in　the　cemetery.　At　about　the　same　time，　retired　Major　General　Jonathan　A.　Logan　planned　another　ceremony，　this　time　for　the　soldiers　who　survived　the　war.　He　led　the　veterans　through　town　to　the　cemetery　to　decorate　their　comrades　graves　with　flags.　It　was　not　a　happy　celebration，　but　a　memorial.　The　townspeople　called　it　Decoration　Day.

The　two　ceremonies　were　joined　in　1868，　and　northern　states　commemorated　the　day　on　May　30.　The　southern　states　commemorated　their　war　dead　on　different　days.　Children　read　poems　and　sang　Civil　War　songs　and　veterans　came　to　school　wearing　their　medals　and　uniforms　to　tell　students　about　the　Civil　War.　Then　the　veterans　marched　through　their　home　towns　followed　by　the　townspeople　to　the　cemetery.　They　decorated　graves　and　took　photographs　of　soldiers　next　to　American　flags.　Rifles　were　shot　in　the　air　as　a　salute　to　the　northern　soldiers　who　had　given　their　lives　to　keep　the　United　States　together.

In　1882，　the　name　was　changed　to　Memorial　Day　and　soldiers　who　had　died　in　previous　wars　were　honoured　as　well.　In　the　northern　United　States，　it　was　designated　a　public　holiday.　In　1971，　along　with　other　holidays，　President　Richard　Nixon　declared　Memorial　Day　a　federal　holiday　on　the　last　Monday　in　May.

Cities　all　around　the　United　States　hold　their　own　ceremonies　on　the　last　Monday　in　May　to　pay　respect　to　the　men　and　women　who　have　died　in　wars　or　in　the　service　of　their　country.

Memorial　Day　is　not　limited　to　honour　only　those　Americans　from　the　armed　forces.　It　is　also　a　day　for　personal　remembrance.　Families　and　individuals　honour　the　memories　of　their　loved　ones　who　have　died.　Church　services，　visits　to　the　cemetery，　flowers　on　graves　or　even　silent　tribute　mark　the　day　with　dignity　and　solemnity.　It　is　a　day　of　reflection.　However，　to　many　Americans　the　day　also　signals　the　beginning　of　summer　with　a　threeday　weekend　to　spend　at　the　beach，　in　the　mountains　or　at　home　relaxing.

In　Waterloo，　New　York，　the　origin　has　not　been　lost　and　in　fact　the　meaning　has　become　even　more　special.　President　Lyndon　Johnson　proclaimed　Waterloo　the　birthplace　of　Memorial　Day　in　1966，　100　years　after　the　first　commemoration.　Every　May　30，　townspeople　still　walk　to　the　cemeteries　and　hold　memorial　services.　They　decorate　the　graves　with　flags　and　flowers.　Then　they　walk　back　to　the　park　in　the　middle　of　town.　In　the　middle　of　the　park，　near　a　monument　dedicated　to　soldiers，　sailors　and　marines，　the　Gettysburg　address　is　read，　followed　by　retired　Major　General　Logans　Order　11　designating　Decoration　Day.　The　village　choirs　sing　patriotic　songs.　In　the　evening，　school　children　take　part　in　a　parade.

Words　&　Expressions

church　service（教堂）礼拜（仪式）

designate／deznet／　v.　指明，指出，任命，指派

drugstore／drst（r）／　n.　药房，杂货店

limb／lm／　n.　肢，分支

monument／mnjumnt／　n.　纪念碑

reflection／rflekn／　n.　反省，沉思，反映

rifle／rafl／　n.　来复枪，步枪

signal／snl／　v.　标志

solemnity／slemnti／　n.　严肃，庄重

townspeople／tanzpｉpl／　n.　市民，镇民

Proper　Names

Gettysburg　address　葛底斯堡演说（美国第16任总统林肯于1863年所做）

Richard　Nixon　理查德·尼克松（美国第37任总统）

Waterloo　滑铁卢（纽约市一城镇）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner.

1　Who　suggested　that　all　the　shops　in　town　close　for　one　day　to　honour　the　soldiers　who　were　killed　in　the　Civil　War?　What　did　the　townspeople　do?

2　According　to　the　passage，　what　is　the　origin　of　Decoration　Day?

3　What　day　did　the　southern　and　northern　states　commemorate　after　the　two　ceremonies　were　joined　in　1868?

4　Why　does　the　author　say　that　Memorial　Day　is　not　limited　to　honour　only　those　Americans　from　the　armed　forces?

5　Who　proclaimed　Waterloo　the　birthplace　of　Memorial　Day　according　to　the　passage?

Task　2Retelling

Directions：　Work　with　your　partner　by　retelling　the　passage　to　each　other　and　use　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

limb

drugstore

commemorate

designate

remembrance

townspeople

solemnity

signal

church　service

monument

Unit　FiveWar　and　Technology

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

lock　on锁定

projectile／prdektal／　n.　射弹，　抛射体

quarry／kwri／　n.　猎物

scout／skat／　v.　侦察

sensor／sens（r）／　n.　传感器

simultaneously／smltenisli／　adv.　同时地

sniff　out发现，寻找

track　down跟踪

Proper　Names

Aegis　MissileGuided　System［美］“宙斯盾”导弹制导系统

cruise　missile巡航导弹

DDG　1000　Destroyer［美］DDG　1000驱逐舰

F　35　Joint　Strike　Fighter［美］F　35型联合攻击战斗机

Global　Hawk［美］全球鹰无人驾驶飞机

reconnaissance　drone无人驾驶侦察机

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1　What　will　wars　be　like　in　the　future?

2　What　latest　weapons　have　you　seen　in　this　video?

3　What　new　technology　will　be　applied　in　the　future　warfare?

Task　2True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　then　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　In　the　future　war，　a　set　of　tools　such　as　nuclear　weapons，　bombs　and　rockets　will　be　used　to　fight　against　rogue　nations　and　terrorists.

2　A　Global　Hawk　is　an　unmanned　aerial　vehicle　which　can　send　pictures　and　coordinates　to　the　ground　troops.

3　The　information　collected　by　the　aerial　scout　will　be　first　sent　to　the　commanding　post　and　then　to　the　Aegis　MissileGuided　System.

4　The　cruise　missile　can　be　launched　either　from　the　destroyer　or　from　the　submarine.

5　A　hypersonic　cruise　missile　can　lock　on　targets　from　thousands　of　miles　away.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　features　of　the　future　war.

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

How

Stealth　Bombers

Work

1The　B　2　bomber，　commonly　known　as　the　stealth　bomber，　was　an　ambitious　project，　to　say　the　least.　In　the　1970s，　the　U.S.　military　wanted　a　replacement　for　the　aging　B　52［1］　bomber.　They　needed　a　plane　that　could　carry　nuclear　bombs　across　the　globe，　to　the　Soviet　Union，　in　only　a　few　hours.　And　they　wanted　it　to　be　nearly　invisible　to　enemy　sensors.

2As　you　might　expect，　hiding　a　giant　plane　is　no　easy　task.　Northrop　Grumman［2］，　the　defense　firm　that　won　the　bomber　contract，　spent　billions　of　dollars　and　nearly　10　years　developing　the　top　secret　project.　The　finished　product　is　a　revolutionary　machine—a　172foot　wide　flying　wing　that　looks　like　an　insect　to　radar　scanners!　The　craft　is　also　revolutionary　from　an　aeronautics　perspective：　It　doesnt　have　any　of　the　standard　stabilizing　systems　you　find　on　a　conventional　airplane，　but　pilots　say　it　flies　as　smoothly　as　a　fighter　jet.

A　flying　wing

3An　ordinary　airplane　consists　of　a　fuselage（the　main　body），　two　wings　and　three　rear　stabilizers　attached　to　the　tail.　The　wings　generate　lift，　hoisting　the　fuselage　into　the　air.　The　pilot　steers　the　plane　by　adjusting　movable　components　of　the　wings　and　the　stabilizers.　Adjusting　these　components　changes　how　the　air　flows　around　the　plane，　causing　the　plane　to　ascend，　descend　and　turn.　The　stabilizers　also　keep　the　plane　level.

4The　B　2　bomber　has　a　completely　different　design：　Its　one　big　wing，　like　a　boomerang.

5This　flying　wing　design　is　much　more　efficient　than　a　conventional　plane.　Instead　of　separate　wings　supporting　all　the　weight　of　the　fuselage，　the　entire　craft　works　to　generate　lift.　Eliminating　the　tail　and　fuselage　also　reduces　drag—the　total　force　of　air　resistance　acting　on　the　plane.

6Greater　efficiency　helps　the　B　2　travel　long　distances　in　a　short　period　of　time.　Its　not　the　fastest　craft　around—the　military　says　its　high　subsonic，　meaning　its　top　speed　is　just　under　the　speed　of　sound（around　1，000　ft／sec　or　305　m／s）—but　it　can　go　6，900　miles（11，000　km）　without　refueling　and　11，500　miles（18，500　km）　with　one　inflight　refueling.　It　can　get　anywhere　on　Earth　on　short　notice.

Driving　the　wing

7The　B　2　has　four　General　Electric　F　118　GE　100　jet　engines，　each　of　which　generates　17，300　pounds　of　thrust.　Just　as　in　an　ordinary　plane，　the　pilot　steers　the　B　2　by　moving　various　parts　of　the　wings.　The　B　2　has　elevons　and　rudders　along　the　trailing　edge　of　the　plane.　Just　like　the　elevators　and　ailerons　on　a　conventional　plane，　the　elevons　change　the　planes　pitch（up　and　down　movement）　and　roll（rotation　along　the　horizontal　axis）.　The　elevons　and　rudders　also　control　the　planes　yaw（rotation　along　the　vertical　axis）.　Flying　wings　have　been　around　for　a　long　time，　but　in　the　past，　they　suffered　from　major　stability　problems.　Without　the　rear　stabilizers，　the　plane　tends　to　rotate　around　its　yaw　axis　unexpectedly.　The　US.　military　didnt　go　for　Northrop　Grummans　earlier　flying　wing　designs　from　the　1940s　mainly　because　of　these　concerns.

8By　the　1980s，　advancements　in　computer　technology　made　the　flying　wing　a　more　viable　option.　Northrup　Grumman　built　the　B　2　with　a　sophisticated　flybywire

system.　Instead　of　adjusting　the　flaps　through　mechanical　means，　the　pilot　passes　commands　on　to　a　computer，　which　adjusts　the　flaps.　In　other　words，　the　pilot　controls　the　computer　and　the　computer　controls　the　steering　system.

9The　computer　also　does　a　lot　of　work　independent　of　the　pilots　input.　It　constantly　monitors　gyroscopic　sensors　to　keep　track　of　the　planes　attitude—　its　position　relative　to　the　airflow.　If　the　plane　starts　to　turn　unexpectedly，　the　computer　automatically　moves　the　rudders　to　counteract　the　turning　force.　The　corrections　are　so　precise　that　the　pilot　usually　wont　feel　any　shift　at　all.　The　B　2　also　has　a　small　wedgeshaped　flap　in　the　middle　of　the　trailing　edge.　The　computer　adjusts　this　flap，　called　the　Gust　Load　Alleviation　System（GLAS），　to　counteract　air　turbulence　forces.

Out　of　sight

10Northrop　Grummans　primary　goal　for　the　B　2　was　stealth，　or　low　observability.　Simply　put，　stealth　is　the　ability　to　fly　undetected　through　enemy　airspace.　Ideally，　a　stealth　aircraft　will　be　able　to　reach　and　destroy　desired　targets　without　ever　engaging　the　enemy　in　combat.　To　do　this，　the　aircraft　needs　to　be　nearly　invisible　in　a　number　of　different　ways.　Obviously，　it　needs　to　blend　in　with　the　background　visually，　and　it　needs　to　be　very　quiet.　More　importantly，　it　needs　to　hide　from　enemy　radar　as　well　as　infrared　sensors.　It　also　needs　to　conceal　its　own　electromagnetic　energy.

11The　B　2s　flat，　narrow　shape　and　black　colouration　help　it　fade　into　the　night.　Even　in　the　daytime，　when　the　B　2　stands　out　against　blue　sky，　it　can　be　hard　to　figure　out　which　way　the　plane　is　going.　The　B　2　emits　minimal　exhaust，　so　it　doesnt　leave　a　visible　trail　behind　it.

12As　with　most　planes，　the　B　2s　noisiest　component　is　its　engine　system.　But　unlike　a　passenger　jet　or　B　52，　the　B　2s　engines　are　buried　inside　the　plane.　This　helps　muffle　the　noise.　The　efficient　aerodynamic　design　helps　keep　the　B　2　quiet　as　well，　because　the　engines　can　operate　at　lower　power　settings.

13The　engine　system　also　works　to　minimize　the　planes　infrared（heat）　signature.　Infrared　sensors，　including　those　on　heatseeking　missiles，　typically　pick　up　on　hot　engine　exhaust.　In　the　B　2，　all　of　the　exhaust　passes　through　cooling　vents　before　flowing　out　of　the　rear　ports.　Putting　the　exhaust　ports　on　the　top　of　the　plane　further　reduces　the　infrared　signature，　since　enemy　sensors　would　most　likely　scan　below　the　plane.

Defenses　against　detection

14The　B　2　has　two　major　defenses　against　radar　detection.　The　first　element　is　the　planes　radarabsorbent　surface.　The　radio　waves　used　in　radar　are　electromagnetic　energy，　just　like　light　waves.　In　the　same　way　that　certain　materials　absorb　light　very　well（black　paint，　for　example），　some　materials　are　particularly　good　at　absorbing　radio　waves.

15The　B　2s　body　is　mainly　composed　of　composite　material—combinations　of　various　lightweight　substances.　The　composite　material　used　in　the　B　2　bomber　is　specifically　designed　to　absorb　radio　energy　with　optimum　efficiency.　Parts　of　the　B2，　such　as　the　leading　edge，　are　also　covered　in　advanced　radioabsorbent　paint　and　tape.　These　materials　are　very　expensive，　and　the　Air　Force　has　to　reapply　them　regularly.　After　every　flight，　repair　crews　have　to　spend　many　hours　examining　the　B2　to　make　sure　its　fit　for　stealth　missions.

16Highly　reflective　metal　components，　such　as　the　planes　engines，　are　all　housed　inside　the　composite　body.　Air　flows　into　the　intake　ports，　through　an　Sshaped　duct　and　down　to　the　engines.　The　bombs　are　also　mounted　inside　the　plane，　and　the　landing　gear　fully　retracts　after　takeoff.

17The　second　element　in　radar　invisibility　is　the　planes　shape.　Radio　waves　bounce　off　planes　in　the　same　way　light　bounces　off　a　mirror.　A　flat，　vertical　mirror　will　bounce　your　image　straight　back　to　you—youll　see　yourself.　But　if　you　tilt　the　mirror　45　degrees，　it　will　reflect　your　image　straight　upward.　You　wont　see　yourself;　youll　see　an　image　of　the　ceiling.　A　curved　mirror　also　deflects　light　at　an　angle.　If　you　were　to　aim　a　laser　pointer　at　a　curved　mirror，　the　laser　beam　would　never　bounce　straight　back　to　the　pointer，　no　matter　how　you　positioned　it.

18The　stealth　bombers　peculiar　shape　deflects　radio　beams　in　both　ways.　The　large　flat　areas　on　the　top　and　bottom　of　the　plane　are　just　like　tilted　mirrors.　These　flat　areas　will　deflect　most　radio　beams　away　from　the　station，　presuming　the　station　isnt　directly　beneath　the　plane.

19The　plane　itself　also　works　like　a　curved　mirror，　particularly　in　the　front　section.　The　entire　plane　has　no　sharp，　angled　edges—every　surface　is　curved　in　order　to　deflect　radio　waves.　The　curves　are　designed　to　bounce　almost　all　radio　waves　away　at　an　angle.

20The　B　2　is　designed　to　contain　its　own　radio　signals，　the　electromagnetic　energy　generated　by　onboard　electronics.　The　plane　does　emit　radio　energy　when　using　its　radar　scanner　or　communicating　with　ground　forces　and　other　aircraft，　but　the　radar　signal　is　small　and　highly　focused，　making　it　less　susceptible　to　detection.

Weapons

21Originally，　the　B　2s　primary　purpose　was　to　carry　nuclear　bombs　into　the　Soviet　Union　in　the　event　of　war.　With　the　collapse　of　the　Soviet　Union　in　1991，　the　military　redefined　the　B　2s　role　somewhat.　It　is　now　classified　as　a　multirole　bomber—it　is　designed　to　carry　conventional　bombs　in　addition　to　nuclear　munitions.

22The　B　2　packs　two　rotary　launchers，　housed　in　the　center　of　the　craft.　When　the　mission　commander　is　ready　to　fire，　he　or　she　sends　a　signal　to　the　onboard　computer.　The　computer　opens　the　bomb　bay　doors，　rotates　the　launcher　to　position　the　correct　bomb　and　then　releases　that　bomb.

23The　launchers　carry　conventional　gravity　bombs—“dumb”　bombs　that　simply　fall　on　their　target—as　well　as　precision　guided　bombs　that　seek　out　their　target.　The　plane　can　carry　about　40，000　pounds　of　munitions.

24The　B2s　precision　guided　bombs　are　actually　“dumb”　munitions　with　a　separate　guidance　system　attached.　This　guidance　kit，　known　as　Joint　Direct　Attack　Munition（JDAM）［3］，　includes　adjustable　tail　fins，　a　control　computer，　an　inertial　guidance　system，　and　a　GPS　receiver.　The　B　2　uses　its　own　GPS　receiver　to　pinpoint　targets.　Once　the　crew　has　located　its　target，　they　feed　the　targets　GPS　coordinates　to　the　JDAM　and　release　the　bomb.

25In　the　air，　the　JDAMs　GPS　receiver　processes　signals　from　GPS　satellites　to　keep　track　of　its　own　position，　while　the　inertial　guidance　system　tracks　the　bombs　change　in　position.　The　control　computer　adjusts　the　JDAMs　flight　fins　to　guide　the　bomb　to　the　intended　target.　This　precise　targeting　system　allows　the　B2　to　drop　its　bombs　and　make　a　quick　escape.　The　bomb　works　fine　even　in　bad　weather，　because　the　JDAM　only　needs　to　receive　satellite　signals　to　find　its　target.　It　doesnt　have　to　see　anything　on　the　ground　at　all.

26Because　of　its　high　cost　and　relative　inexperience　in　the　field，　the　B2　is　a　fairly　controversial　weapon.　While　some　analysts　hold　it　up　as　the　pinnacle　of　military　aircraft，　others　say　the　plane　has　severe　limitations，　such　as　its　stealth　capabilities　high　sensitivity　to　bad　weather.　But　just　about　everybody　agrees　it　is　a　pivotal　development　in　the　evolution　of　aeronautic　technology.　It　is　certainly　an　amazing　machine.

（1，795　words）

NOTES

［1］　B52B52轰炸机（美国空军的亚音速远程战略轰炸机）A　longrange，　subsonic，　jetpowered　strategic　bomber.　It　has　been　operated　by　the　United　States　Air　Force（U.S.A.F.）　since　the　1950s.

［2］　Northrop　Grumman诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司An　American　global　aerospace　and　defense　technology　company　formed　by　the　1994　purchase　of　Grumman　by　Northrop.　The　company　was　the　fourthlargest　defense　contractor　in　the　world　as　of　2010，　and　the　largest　builder　of　naval　vessels.

［3］　Joint　Direct　Attack　Munition（JDAM）联合制导攻击武器A　guidance　kit　that　converts　unguided　bombs，　or　“dumb　bombs，”　into　allweather　“smart”　munitions.　JDAMequipped　bombs　are　guided　by　an　integrated　inertial　guidance　system　coupled　to　a　Global　Positioning　System（GPS）　receiver，　giving　them　a　published　range　of　up　to　15　nautical　miles（28　km）.　The　guidance　system　was　developed　by　the　United　States　Air　Force　and　United　States　Navy，　hence　the　“joint”　in　JDAM.　The　JDAM　was　meant　to　improve　upon　laserguided　bomb　and　imaging　infrared　technology，　which　can　be　hindered　by　bad　ground　and　weather　conditions.　Laser　seekers　are　now　being　fitted　to　some　JDAMs.

MILITARY　TERMS

aileron／elrn／　n.　副翼

attitude／ttjud／　n.（航空器、航天器等在飞行时的）姿态

bomb　bay　door炸弹舱门

conventional　bomb常规炸弹，普通炸弹

coordinate　／kdnt／　n.　坐标

drag／dr／　n.　阻力

electromagnetic　energy电磁能

elevon／elvn／　n.　升降舵补助翼

exhaust　port排气口，排出孔

fighter　jet战斗机

flap／flp／　n.（飞机的）襟翼，阻力板

flybywire　system电操纵系统

flying　wing飞翼式飞机

fuselage／fjuzl／　n.　机身

gravity　bomb自由下落炸弹

guidance　system制导系统

gyroscopic／darskpk／　adj.　回转仪的

heatseeking　missile热跟踪导弹

high　subsonic高亚音速

inertial　guidance　system惯性制导系统

inflight　refueling空中加油

infrared　sensor红外传感器

infrared（heat）　signature红外特征

intake　port进气口

jet　engine喷气发动机

landing　gear起落装置，起落架

laser　beam激光束

laser　pointer激光棒

leading　edge机翼前沿

light　wave光波

multirole　bomber多功能轰炸机

nuclear　munitions核弹药，核弹

pitch／pt／　n.（船等）前后颠簸

precision　guided　bomb精确制导炸弹

radar　scanner雷达扫描装置

rear　port后排放孔

rear　stabilizer后水平尾翼

roll／rl／　n.　左右摇晃

rotary　launcher旋转发射装置

rudder／rd（r）／　n.　方向舵

stealth　bomber隐形轰炸机

tail　fin（直升机）尾翅，垂直尾翼

thrust／rst／　n.（发动机推动飞机的）推力，驱动力

trailing　edge机翼后缘

yaw／j／　n.　偏航

NEW　WORDS

aerodynamic／erdanmk／　adj.　of　or　relating　to　aerodynamics　空气动力学的

aeronautics／erntks／　n.　the　theory　and　practice　of　navigation　through　air　or　space　航空学，航空术

boomerang／bumr／　n.　a　curved　piece　of　wood　which，　when　properly　thrown，　will　return　to　thrower　飞去来器

colouration／klren／　n.　choice　and　use　of　colors　染色，着色

counteract／kantrkt／　vt.　oppose　and　mitigate　the　effects　by　contrary　actions　抵消，中和，阻碍

deflect／dflekt／　v.　to　turn　from　a　straight　course　or　fixed　direction，esp.　after　hitting　something　使偏斜，使偏转

duct　／dkt／　n.　any　kind　of　pipe　or　tube　for　carrying　liquid，　air，　electric　power　line，　etc.　管道

emit／imt／　vt.　give　off，　send　forth，　or　discharge;　as　of　light，　heat，　radiation，　vapor，　etc.发出，放射

exhaust／zst／　n.　gases　ejected　from　an　engine　as　waste　products　排气

fade／fed／　v.　disappear　gradually　消失

hoist／hst／　v.　raise　or　haul　up　with　or　as　if　with　mechanical　help　升起

lightweight／latwet／　adj.　having　relatively　little　weight　轻型的

muffle／mfl／　vt.　deaden（a　sound　or　noise），　especially　by　wrapping蒙住，（压抑）声音

observability／bzvblti／　n.　a　measure　for　how　well　internal　states　of　a　system　can　be　inferred　by　knowledge　of　its　external　outputs　可观测性

optimum／ptmm／　adj.　most　desirable　possible　under　a　restriction　expressed　or　implied最合适的

pinnacle　／pnkl／　n.　the　highest　point　or　degree　顶峰，顶点

pinpoint／pnpnt／　vt.　locate　exactly　查明

pivotal／pvtl／　adj.　being　of　crucial　importance　枢轴的，关键的

reflective／rflektv／　adj.　capable　of　physically　reflecting　light　or　sound　反射的

refuel／rifjｕl／　v.　provide　with　additional　fuel，　as　of　aircraft，　ships　and　cars　补给燃料

retract／rtrkt／　v.　pull　inward　or　towards　a　center　缩回，收回

sensor／sens（r）／　n.　any　device　that　receives　a　signal　or　stimulus（as　heat　or　pressure　or　light　or　motion，　etc.）　and　responds　to　it　in　a　distinctive　manner　传感器

steer／st（r）／　v.　direct　the　course;　determine　the　direction　of　travelling　控制，引导，驾驶

subsonic／sbsnk／　adj.（of　speed）　less　than　that　of　sound　in　a　designated　medium　比音速稍慢的，次音速的

turbulence／tbjlns／　n.　unstable　flow　of　a　liquid　or　gas（气流的）紊乱

undetected／ndtektd／　adj.　not　perceived　or　discerned　未被发现的

wedgeshaped／wedept／　adj.　of　a　leaf　shape;　narrowly　triangular，　wider　at　the　apex　and　tapering　toward　the　base　楔形的

PROPER　NAMES

General　Electric［美］通用电气公司

GPS　receiver全球定位系统接收器

GLAS（Gust　Load　Alleviation　System）阵风载荷减缓系统

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　be　susceptible　tobe　responsive　to，　be　alive　to　对……敏感的

2　blend　in　withto　become　combined,　esp.　so　as　to　produce　a　pleasing　effect　融入

3　bounce　offbounce　back，　kick　back　从……弹回

4　feed...toto　put,　supply,　or　provide,　esp.　continually向……提供

5　go　forto　choose　or　take选择

6　in　the　event　ofif　something　happens;　on　the　chance　that　something　happens　万一，如果发生

7　keep　track　ofregister;　record　记录

8　on　short　noticequickly　and　without　a　timely　notification　of　other　people;　with　very　little　lead　time　忽然，急忙，在很短的时间内

9　put　up　onto　become　alert　to　something;　to　take　notice　of　something　注意到

10　seek　outlook　for　a　specific　person　or　thing　找出，搜出

11　simply　putin　short　简言之

12　stand　out　againstbe　very　noticeable　在反衬下显得醒目

13　to　say　the　leastat　the　very　least;　without　overemphasizing　the　subject;　to　put　it　mildly退一步说

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions：　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1　What　motivated　the　U.S.　to　develop　stealth　bombers?

2　Why　is　the　B　2　bomber　a　revolution?

3　How　can　the　B　2　bomber　be　“invisible”?

4　What　measures　does　the　B　2　take　to　avoid　detection?

5　Why　is　the　B　2　bomber　controversial?

Section　B

Directions：　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　You　can　always　find　stabilizing　systems　on　a　conventional　airplane.

2　Northrop　Grummans　earlier　flying　wings　suffer　from　major　stability　problems.

3　Its　easy　to　figure　out　which　way　the　B2　bomber　is　going　in　the　daytime.

4　The　B2　bomber　should　be　examined　by　repair　crews　after　every　flight.

5　The　radio　signals　of　the　B2　bomber　can　be　easily　detected.

6　There　should　be　more　B2　bombers　due　to　their　stealth　capability.

7　The　B2　bomber　is　a　relatively　new　thing　in　the　field.

8　Despite　the　limitations　of　the　B2　bomber，　many　still　think　highly　of　this　invention.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Write　out　the　words　from　the　text　according　to　the　definitions　provided　on　the　left　column.　Notice　that　the　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.

1　someone　or　something　that　takes　place　ofr

another　person　or　thing

2　impossible　or　nearly　impossible　to　seei

3　（of　speed）　less　than　that　of　sound　in　as

designated　medium

4　capable　of　being　done　with　means　at　handv

and　circumstances　as　they　are

5　keep　an　eye　on;　keep　under　surveillancem

6　not　perceived　or　discernedu

7　gases　ejected　from　an　engine　as　waste　producte

8　put　into　a　certain　placep

Section　B

Directions：　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets.

1　Military　helicopters　are　circling　the　city　carrying　heavily　armed　paramilitary　police　“ninjas.”（被称为，被认为是）

2　As　Americas　military　has　learned　from　the　experience　of　transforming　in　the　midst　of　two　wars，　changing　proud　and　successful　institutions　is　.（绝非易事）

3　“Today，　the　prime　minister　and　I　are　reaffirming　our　common　vision　of　a　longterm　partnership　between　our　nations　that　is　in　keeping　with　our　Strategic　Framework　Agreement，　and　it　will　be　like　the　close　relationships　we　have　with　other　sovereign　nations（主权国家）.，　we　are　building　a　comprehensive　partnership.”（简言之）

4　His　job　is　critical　to　keeping　the　units　vehicles　on　the　road，　requiring　attention　to　detail　and　the　ability　to　dozens　of　components.（记录）

5　They　still　the　acts　of　the　terrorists　and　their　inhumane　activities.（受……之苦）

6　JECC　（日本电子计算机公司）is　staffed　with　communications，　operations，　planning，　logistics，　information　management　and　public　affairs　experts—all　prepared　to　deploy　to　support　requirements　on　the　ground.（在很短的时间内）

7　Virtually　every　country　is　asymmetrical（非对称的）　threats　such　as　biological　and　chemical　weapons.（易受……影响）

8　Cyber　attacks，　while　largely　the　public，　are　growing　in　scale　and　sophistication.（不可见的）

Ⅲ　Reading　Practice

Directions：　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

Is　it　possible　to　persuade　mankind　to　live　without　war?　War　is　an　ancient　institution，　which　has　existed　for　at　least　6，000　years.　It　was　always　bad　and　usually　foolish，　but　in　the　past　human　race　managed　to　live　with　it.　Modern　ingenuity　has　changed　this.　Either　man　will　abolish　war，　or　war　will　abolish　man.　For　the　present，　it　is　nuclear　weapons　that　cause　the　most　serious　danger，　but　bacteriological　or　chemical　weapons　may，　before　long，　offer　an　even　greater　threat.　If　we　succeed　in　abolishing　nuclear　weapons，　our　work　will　not　be　done.　It　will　never　be　done　until　we　have　succeeded　in　abolishing　war.　To　do　this，　we　need　to　persuade　mankind　to　look　upon　international　questions　in　a　new　way，　not　as　contests　of　force，　in　which　the　victory　goes　to　the　side　which　is　the　most　skillful　in　killing　people，　but　by　arbitration（仲裁）　in　accordance　with　agreed　principles　of　law.　It　is　not　easy　to　change　very　old　mental　habits，　but　this　is　what　must　be　attempted.

There　are　those　who　say　that　the　adoption　of　this　or　that　ideology　would　prevent　war.　I　believe　this　to　be　a　big　error.　All　ideologies　are　based　upon　dogmatic（教条的）　statements　that　are，　at　best，　doubtful，　and　at　worst，　totally　false.　Their　adherents（拥护者）　believe　in　them　so　fanatically（盲信地；狂热地）　that　they　are　willing　to　go　to　war　in　support　of　them.

The　movement　of　world　opinion　during　the　past　few　years　has　been　very　largely　such　as　we　can　welcome.　It　has　become　a　commonplace　that　nuclear　war　must　be　avoided.　Of　course　very　difficult　problems　remain　in　the　world，　but　the　spirit　in　which　they　are　being　approached　is　a　better　one　than　it　was　some　years　ago.　It　has　begun　to　be　thought，　even　by　the　powerful　men　who　decide　whether　we　shall　live　or　die，　that　negotiations　should　reach　agreements　even　if　both　sides　do　not　find　these　agreements　wholly　satisfactory.　It　has　begun　to　be　understood　that　the　important　conflict　nowadays　is　not　between　different　countries，　but　between　man　and　the　atom　bomb.

1　This　passage　implies　that　war　is　now　.

（A）　worse　than　in　the　past

（B）　as　bad　as　in　the　past

（C）　not　so　dangerous　as　in　the　past

（D）　as　necessary　as　in　the　past

2　In　the　underlined　sentence　“To　do　this，　we　need　to　persuade　mankind...”（Para.　1），　“this”　refers　to　.

（A）　abolishing　war

（B）　improving　weapons

（C）　solving　international　problems

（D）　living　a　peaceful　life

3　From　Paragraph　2　we　learn　that　the　author　of　the　passage　.

（A）　is　an　adherent　of　some　modern　ideologies

（B）　does　not　think　that　the　adoption　of　any　ideology　could　prevent　war

（C）　believes　that　the　adoption　of　some　ideology　could　prevent　war

（D）　does　not　doubt　the　truth　of　any　ideologies

4　According　to　the　author，　.

（A）　war　is　the　only　way　to　solve　international　disputes

（B）　war　will　be　less　dangerous　because　of　the　improvement　of　weapons

（C）　it　is　impossible　for　people　to　live　without　war

（D）　war　must　be　abolished　if　man　wants　to　survive

5　The　last　paragraph　suggests　that　.

（A）　international　agreements　can　be　reached　more　easily　now

（B）　man　begins　to　realize　the　danger　of　nuclear　war

（C）　nuclear　war　will　definitely　not　break　out

（D）　world　opinion　welcomes　nuclear　war

Ⅳ　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passages　from　English　into　Chinese.

The　U.S.　military　is　providing　more　than　30，000　troops　to　help　with　security　during　Tuesdays　presidential　inauguration　and　to　be　ready　to　respond　to　any　emergency.

About　18，000　troops　will　have　specific　jobs　to　help　police　deal　with　the　millions　of　people　expected　to　flood　into　downtown　Washington　to　see　the　inauguration　ceremony　and　parade.　They　will　provide　such　services　as　communications，　health　care　and　transportation　by　land，　air　and　on　the　Potomac　River.　The　military　will　also　provide　bombsniffing　dogs，　explosives　disposal　units　and　teams　to　deal　with　any　release　of　radiation，　or　chemical　or　biological　toxins.

Pentagon　Spokesman　Bryan　Whitman　says　another　14，000　troops　will　be　on　standby　status　in　and　near　the　city，　ready　to　respond　to　any　emergency.

In　addition　to　the　troops　on　the　ground，　Whitman　says　the　military　will　provide　what　he　called　“active　deterrence，”　including　combat　air　patrols　over　the　city　and　control　of　the　regions　airspace.

Section　B

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English.

美国隐形战机开发者们面临的挑战显而易见。如今已众所周知的是，洛克希德·马丁公司研制的猛禽F22战机——第四代隐形战机中的先行者——供氧系统存在缺陷，这无异于正在缓慢地毒害飞行员们。同时，F35的交付已延迟了数年，而其设计成本加上数千架新机的生产费用已经上浮数千亿美元。更糟糕的是，洛克希德·马丁公司F35制造厂的工人已经开始罢工，何时返工却是遥遥无期。

Ⅴ　Writing　Practice

Directions：　Write　a　composition　on　the　topic　of　“The　Role　of　Stealth　Technology　in　the　Modern　Warfare.”　You　should　write　at　least　150　words　following　the　outline　given　below.

1　什么是隐形技术？

2　隐形技术在现代战争中起了什么作用？

3　你对隐形技术的未来持怎样的看法？

Text　B

Do　Wars　Drive　Technological　Advancement?

1According　to　the　late　Edwin　Starr［1］，　war　is　good　for　absolutely　nothing.　But　how　much　of　the　technology　we　depend　upon　today　began　as　a　kind　of　military　technology?　Is　it　possible　that　if　we　were　a　peaceful　species　we　wouldnt　have　developed　technologies　like　microwave　ovens　or　the　Internet?

2Wars　put　an　enormous　demand　upon　a　nations　resources.　Those　resources　include　everything　from　materials　to　military　personnel.　Its　expensive　to　wage　war.　And　war　places　a　burden　upon　a　nations　citizens.　As　soldiers　march　off　to　battle，　the　people　left　behind　must　work　even　harder　to　keep　the　nations　infrastructure　from　collapsing.

3But　wars　can　also　have　beneficial　effects　on　economic　and　technological　development.　In　general，　wars　tend　to　accelerate　technological　development　to　adapt　tools　for　the　purpose　of　solving　specific　military　needs.　Later，　these　military　tools　may　evolve　into　nonmilitary　devices.

4A　relatively　recent　example　of　this　is　radar.　While　scientists　around　the　world　worked　on　using　radio　antennae　to　detect　distant　objects　during　the　early　part　of　the　20th　century，　we　credit　Sir　Robert　WatsonWatt［2］　with　building　the　first　practical　radar　set　in　1935.　The　British　Air　Ministry　adopted　his　design　and　used　it　to　detect　aggressors　during　the　early　days　of　World　War　Ⅱ.

5Radar　became　an　important　tool　in　militaries　around　the　world.　In　turn，　radars　adoption　required　countries　to　adapt　to　new　warfare　strategies.　It　also　prompted　the　United　States　to　invest　in　research　and　development　for　new　ways　to　confound　radar.　The　result　was　stealth　aircraft　technology.

6On　the　civilian　front，　radar　played　a　different　role.　A　scientist　by　the　name　of　Percy　L.　Spencer［3］　made　an　interesting　discovery　while　standing　near　a　magnetron—a　device　that　powers　radar　sets.　Spencer　had　a　chocolate　bar　in　his　pocket.　The　bar　began　to　melt　when　Spencer　stood　near　the　magnetron.　This　piqued　Spencers　curiosity　and　he　began　to　examine　what　was　going　on.　This　led　to　the　invention　of　the　microwave　oven.

7Next，　well　take　a　look　at　how　the　threat　of　war　indirectly　aided　in　the　creation　of　the　Internet.

Is　the　Internet　a　war　baby?

8In　a　way，　the　Internet　itself　began　as　a　military　project.　Beginning　in　the　1960s，　the　U.S.　Department　of　Defense　funded　a　project　called　ARPANET［4］.　The　purpose　of　the　project　was　to　develop　the　technologies　and　protocols　necessary　to　allow　multiple　computers　to　connect　directly　to　one　another.　This　would　allow　people　to　share　information　with　each　other　at　unprecedented　speeds.

9A　computer　network　could　also　have　another　benefit：　national　security.　By　creating　a　robust　and　flexible　network，　the　United　States　could　ensure　that　in　the　event　of　catastrophe，　access　to　the　nations　supercomputers　could　remain　intact.　ARPANETs　protocols　allowed　information　to　travel　across　different　routes.　If　something　happened　to　a　computer　node　along　one　route，　the　information　could　take　another　path　to　get　to　the　right　destination.

10The　foundation　for　the　Internet　is　in　the　protocols　and　designs　built　by　the　ARPANET　team.　And　while　no　war　directly　played　into　its　development，　the　threat　of　future　conflicts　did.　Today，　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense　funds　research　and　development（R&D）　projects　across　multiple　disciplines.

11Another　example　of　how　the　possibility　of　war　affected　technological　development　is　the　Space　Race［5］　between　the　United　States　and　what　was　then　known　as　the　Soviet　Union.　On　October　4，　1957，　the　Soviet　Union　succeeded　in　launching　the　first　manmade　satellite　into　the　Earths　orbit.　Its　name　was　Sputnik，　and　it　spurred　on　an　intense，　focused　era　of　innovation.　Part　of　that　research　went　into　projects　like　ARPANET.　Much　of　it　focused　on　getting　the　United　States　space　technology　ahead　of　the　Soviets.

12Several　factors　fueled　this　race.　One　was　fear—if　the　Soviets　could　launch　a　rocket　with　a　payload　the　size　of　Sputnik　into　orbit，　it　was　feasible　the　country　could　launch　a　missile　attack　on　the　United　States　from　across　the　globe.　Even　though　there　were　plenty　of　scientific　reasons　to　pursue　the　space　race，　on　one　level　it　boiled　down　to　saber　rattling　between　the　two　nations.

13While　the　motives　behind　the　space　race　may　not　have　been　purely　founded　upon　a　desire　to　extend　our　scientific　knowledge，　that　in　no　way　diminishes　the　accomplishments　made　by　both　countries.　The　space　race　was　a　symbolic　conflict　between　both　countries　and　put　pressure　on　the　scientists　and　engineers　developing　the　systems　and　vehicles　necessary　to　put　men　and　women　into　space.　Some　of　this　technology　later　evolved　into　other　forms，　and　was　eventually　adapted　to　serve　civilian　purposes.

14Not　all　our　technologies　were　born　out　of　war　or　the　fear　of　war.　It　would　take　a　cynic　to　suggest　that　we　owe　all　our　inspiration　to　conflicts　with　other　people.　Many　inventions　come　to　us　independent　of　war，　though　they　may　be　used　in　warfare　later.　Our　world　would　look　very　different　if　we　never　waged　war，　but　the　lack　of　conflict　wouldnt　necessarily　result　in　a　lack　of　inspiration.

（834　words）

NOTES

［1］　Edwin　Starr（January　21，　1942—April　2，　2003）埃德温·斯塔尔An　American　soul　music　singer.　Starr　is　most　famous　for　his　Norman　Whitfield　produced　singles　of　the　1970s，　most　notably　the　number　one　hit　“War.”

［2］　Sir　Robert　WatsonWatt沃森·瓦特爵士He　is　considered　by　many　to　be　the　“inventor　of　radar.”

［3］　Percy　L.　Spencer珀西·L.斯潘塞He　was　an　American　engineer　and　inventor.　He　became　known　as　the　inventor　of　the　microwave　oven.

［4］　ARPANET阿帕网The　acronym　for　Advanced　Research　Projects　Agency　Network，　which　was　the　worlds　first　operational　packet　switching　network　and　the　core　network　of　a　set　that　came　to　compose　the　global　Internet.　The　network　was　funded　by　the　Defense　Advanced　Research　Projects　Agency（DARPA）　of　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense　for　use　by　its　projects　at　universities　and　research　laboratories　in　the　U.S.

［5］　the　Space　Race太空竞赛The　Space　Race　was　a　midtolate　20th　century　competition　between　the　Soviet　Union（USSR）　and　the　United　States（U.S.）　for　supremacy　in　space　exploration.

MILITARY　TERMS

radar　set雷达装置，雷达设备

stealth　aircraft隐形飞机

NEW　WORDS

antennae／nteni／　n.　a　device　or　a　piece　of　wire　that　sends　and　receives　television　or　radio　signals　and　is　usually　attached　to　a　radio，　television，　car　or　building　天线（antenna的复数）

catastrophe／ktstrfi／　n.　an　event　resulting　in　great　loss　and　misfortune　大灾难，大祸

confound／knfand／　vt.　cause　to　be　unable　to　think　clearly　使困惑，弄糊涂，使惊慌失措，搞乱

fuel／fjul／　v.　stimulate　刺激，加剧

magnetron／mｎtrn／　［电子］磁控管

node　／nd／　n.　（computer　science）　any　computer　that　is　hooked　up　to　a　computer　network　节点

payload／peIld／　n.　the　front　part　of　a　guided　missile　or　rocket　or　torpedo　that　carries　the　nuclear　or　explosive　charge　or　the　chemical　or　biological　agents（导弹、火箭等的）有效载荷，有效负荷

pique／pik／　vt.　excite　激起，引起（兴趣或好奇心）

protocol／prtkl／　n.（computer　science）　rules　determining　the　format　and　transmission　of　data（计算机间交换信息的）　协议

robust／rbst／　adj.　strong　enough　to　withstand　or　overcome　intellectual　challenges　or　adversity（工具等）坚固的，耐用的，坚定的，坚强的

PROPER　NAMES

British　Air　Ministry英国空军部

research　and　development（R&D）（产品等）研究与开发

Sputnik“斯普特尼克号”人造地球卫星（前苏联制造）

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　boil　down　to（for　a　complex　situation）　to　be　reduced　to　its　essentials（情况或问题）归根结底

2　credit...　withowe...　to　归功于

3　evolve　intodevelop　into　发展成，进化成

4　march　offleave，　set　out　出发

5　put　pressure　oncause　someone　to　do　through　pressure　or　necessity，　by　physical，　moral　or　intellectual　means　施加压力

6　saber　rattlingthreatening　behavior　which　is　intended　to　frighten　someone　战争叫嚣

7　spur　onencourage　驱使，鼓励

8　wage　warlaunch　a　war发动战争

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text.

1　Which　of　the　following　technologies　evolved　from　military　inventions?

（A）　Radar.

（B）　Microwave　oven.

（C）　Internet.

（D）　all　of　the　above

2　The　invention　of　microwave　oven.

（A）　preceded　the　invention　of　radar

（B）　was　originally　for　military　use

（C）　is　attributed　to　the　inventor　of　chocolate　bar

（D）　is　one　of　the　technological　advances　prompted　by　war

3　The　Internet.

（A）　appeared　for　civilian　purposes

（B）　is　a　network　connecting　supercomputers

（C）　was　invented　by　the　U.S.　Army　in　defense　of　its　national　security

（D）　was　invented　solely　to　help　people　share　information　faster

4　What　does　“saber　rattling”　in　the　last　sentence　of　Paragraph　12　probably　mean?

（A）　offer　of　peace

（B）　military　threats

（C）　largescale　war

（D）　production　of　sabers

5　Which　of　the　following　statements　about　war　is　TRUE　according　to　the　author?

（A）　Without　war，　we　would　have　suffered　a　lack　of　inspiration　for　technological　inventions.

（B）　War　has　greatly　changed　our　world　on　the　technological　front.

（C）　War　has　served　as　a　catalyst　for　almost　all　of　our　technologies.

（D）　War　has　contributed　little　to　technological　advances　of　our　society.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.

1　The　chairman　noted　the　drawdown　of　troops　from　Afghanistan　and　also　said　about　120，000　personnel　will　transit　out　of　the　military　in　the　next　decade.This　will　p　an　important　linkage　between　DoD　and　the　Department　of　Veterans　Affairs　and　other　organizations　that　assist　service　members　migrating　into　the　private　sector.

2　Just　one　nuclear　weapon　exploded　in　an　American　city　would　devastate　our　way　of　life　and　constitute　nothing　less　than　a　c　for　the　world.

3　Military　working　dogs　are　trained　to　search　for，　d　and　warn　of　buried　mines，　explosives　and　other　casualtyproducing　devices.

4　He　momentarily　c　his　critics　by　his　cool　handling　of　the　hostage　crisis.

5　“Most　importantly　for　the　Department　of　Defense　it　declares　that　transnational　organized　crime　is　a　national　security　t，”　Wechsler　added.

6　The　government，　along　with　the　three　factions　that　had　been　w　a　civil　war，　signed　a　peace　agreement.

7　Such　topsecret　files　are　restricted　within　military　p.

8　NASA　plans　to　l　a　satellite　to　study　cosmic　rays（宇宙射线）.

9　While　new　stations　that　minimize　bomb　damage　are　f，　officials　say　the　best　defense　is　identifying　attackers　before　they　can　strike.

10　Intelligence　shows　the　next　three　years　will　be　a　critical　transition　time　in　counterterrorism，　as　groups　like　ISIS　d　in　importance　and　terrorist　groups　become　more　decentralized，　Clapper　said.

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

evolve　into

march　off

credit...with

spur　on

wage　war

put　pressure　on

boil　down　to

access　to

1　Annans　statement　was　seen　by　many　as　a　lastminute　effort　to　the　talks，　whose　progress　sources　have　described　as　disappointing.

2　Over　time　this　international　force　will　a　U.N.　peacekeeping　force　that　will　formally　supervise　the　transition　towards　independence　in　East　Timor（东帝汶）.

3　AlQaida　continues　to　on　Americans　and　on　all　civilized　people　with　disturbing　regularity.　No　one　could　possibly　claim　that　the　conflict　had　ended.

4　The　Americans　do　believe　that　continuing　to　Syria，　both　diplomatic　and　economic，　is　the　better　course　right　now.

5　The　protest　will　assemble　at　the　Royal　Hospital　at　11　a.m.　and　at　noon　for　a　rally　at　St　Georges　Plateau.

6　The　Army　Reserves　role　in　the　Korean　War　can　be　the　title　of　an　Army　song　and　a　line　from　it，　“When　we　were　needed，　we　were　there”　and　“It　wasnt　always　easy，　it　wasnt　always　fair.”

7　Public　the　Pentagon　Memorial　will　be　limited　this　weekend　due　to　formal　ceremonies　commemorating　the　10th　anniversary　of　the　9／11　attack　and　private　visitation　of　the　site　by　survivors　and　surviving　family　members.

8　Experts　him　a　successful　counterinsurgency　strategy　in　Iraq　in　2007　and　2008.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening

Words　&　Expressions

algorithm／lrm／　n.　算法

collide／klad／　v.　碰撞

grail／rel／　n.　梦寐以求的东西

navigation／nven／　n.　航行，航海

Proper　Names

Hornet　Jet　Fighter　［美］大黄蜂战斗机

Task　1Listening　Comprehension

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question.

1　According　to　this　news，　Australian　weapons　developers　have　been　inspired　by　to　develop　new　weapons.

（A）　plants

（B）　mammals

（C）　insects

（D）　fish

2　Australias　Defense　Science　and　Technology　Organization　cooperated　with　and　develop　a　new　system　known　as　“Bioseeker.”

（A）　universities

（B）　electronics　companies

（C）　government

（D）　military

3　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　NOT　the　function　of　Bioseeker　technology?

（A）　It　will　make　soldiers　safer　by　taking　them　further　away　from　the　enemy.

（B）　It　can　be　used　as　a　lowcost　seekerandguidance　system.

（C）　It　can　be　used　as　weapons　of　massive　destruction.

（D）　It　can　be　placed　inside　rockets　used　on　the　Tiger　Attack　helicopters.

4　Which　of　the　following　weapons　will　be　brought　into　service　by　2020?

（A）　A　fleet　of　Super　Hornet　jet　fighters.

（B）　An　earlywarning　aircraft.

（C）　A　range　of　new　helicopters.

（D）　all　of　the　above

5　Which　of　the　following　is　NOT　true?

（A）　Australian　military　is　relatively　small.

（B）　Australian　military　has　about　500，000　personnel.

（C）　Australian　military　is　famous　for　its　technological　innovation.

（D）　Australian　military　is　involved　in　peacekeeping　missions.

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　you　have　heard.

1　Australias　Defense　Science　and　Technology　Organization　has　been　looking　at　how　the　existing　research　into　（1）　and　sight　could　make　airborne　weapons　more　（2）　and　improve　their　ability　to　（3）　.

2　A　variety　of　insects　have　a　（1）　to　find　the　moving　target　and　thats　the　particular　holy　grail　of　what　were　interested　in　from　a　weapons　（2）　.

3　This　information　was　then　analyzed　in　（1）　to　create　a　system　designed　to　find　（2）　moving　targets.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea.

Video　Watching　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

duration／djren／　n.　持续时间

preeminent／pri（）emnnt／　adj.

卓越的

realtime　adj.　实时的

Proper　Names

Predator／predt／　n.　捕食者无人飞机

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1　What　is　the　key　to　the　air　battle　of　the　future?

2　Can　you　name　some　advantages　of　the　UAV?　If　yes,　what　are　they？

3　Whats　the　name　of　the　earliest　surveillance　UAV　and　what　role　did　it　play　in　Afghanistan?

Task　2True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　again　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　The　chief　function　of　the　UAV　is　to　provide　information　during　the　longduration　surveillance　mission.

2　The　UAV　will　play　a　very　important　role　in　the　21st　century　air　combat.

3　In　the　future，　there　will　be　no　pilots　on　aircraft.

4　It　will　take　years　for　the　UAV　to　take　over　the　role　of　longduration　surveillance.

5　The　UAV　was　first　developed　in　the　21st　century.

Task　3Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

Today，　Unmanned　Aerial　Vehicles　or　UAVs，　are　already　（1）　the　role　of　longduration　surveillance.　One　of　the　earliest　（2）　UAVs　was　the　Predator.　It　was　developed　in　（3）　.　When　you　look　at　Predators，　basically　they　start　off　being　longduration　systems　that　can　really　persist　over　battlefield.　In　Afghanistan，　Predators　provided　critical　（4）　intelligence.　And　it　was　there　that　a　Predator　made　amazing　transformation.

Video　Watching　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

chopper／tp（r）／　n.　［俚］直升机

gigantic／dantk／　adj.　巨人般的，巨大的

humvee／hmvi／　n.　悍马（军用输送车）

mega／me／　plane　大型飞机

platoon／pltun／　n.　排（军事单位）

puny／pjuni／　adj.　小于一般尺寸的，微不足道的

Proper　Names

Dover　Air　Force　Base［美］多佛空军基地

Galaxy／lksi／　C5［美］C5银河运输机

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1　What　is　the　chief　function　of　C5?

2　What　are　the　differences　between　C5　and　other　common　commercial　planes?

3　What　things　have　you　seen　in　the　video　clip　that　can　be　transported　by　C5?

Task　2Matching　and　Blank　Filling

Directions：　Match　the　corresponding　description　of　C5　in　Column　B　with　the　number　in　Column　A　and　then　fill　in　the　blanks.

Column　A

1　（）70　Meters

2　（）6

3　（）32

4　（）50

5　（）10，000

Column　B

（A）　the　height　of　C5

（B）　the　distance　that　C5　can　travel　without　stopping

（C）　the　weight　of　equipment　that　C5　flies　over　to　Iraq

（D）　the　stretching　length　of　C5

（E）　the　number　of　C5　that　Dover　Air　Base　has

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　give　a　brief　introduction　to　C5.

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Military　Robots　of　the　Future

Since　Robby，　the　robot，　first　appeared　on　screen　in　1956s　Forbidden　Planet，　science　fiction　in　print，　film　and　on　television　have　pushed　the　limits　of　our　imagination　regarding　machines　of　the　future　and　their　abilities　to　perform　human　tasks.

From　Star　Wars　to　the　Terminator，　Junkyard　Wars　and　Robot　Warriors，　our　glimpse　at　the　potential　for　tomorrow　has　amazed　and　sometimes　stunned　us.　Well，　get　ready.　The　future　may　be　closer　than　you　think.

Project　Alpha，　a　U.S.　Joint　Forces　Command　rapid　idea　analysis　group，　is　in　the　midst　of　a　study　focusing　on　the　concept　of　developing　and　employing　robots　that　would　be　capable　of　replacing　humans　to　perform　many，　if　not　most,　combat　functions　on　the　battlefield.

The　study，　appropriately　titled，　“Unmanned　Effects：　Taking　the　Human　out　of　the　Loop，”　suggests　that　by　as　early　as　2025，　the　presence　of　autonomous　robots，　networked　and　integrated，　on　the　battlefield　might　not　be　the　exception，　but　in　fact　the　norm.

In　support　of　the　study，　USJFCOM　sponsored　a　workshop　at　Johns　Hopkins　University　in　Baltimore　July　29　through　August　1　The　workshop，　featuring　key　speakers　who　are　experts　in　the　field　of　robotics　and　artificial　intelligence，　was　designed　to　develop　a　skeletal　operational　concept　for　the　employment　of　autonomous　machines　and　to　raise　awareness　throughout　DoD　about　current　robotic　technology　and　its　future　potential　on　the　battlefield.

The　goal　of　the　study，　according　to　Gordon　Johnson，　the　Unmanned　Effects　Team　leader　for　Project　Alpha，　was　to　articulate　a　vision　for　the　use　of　robotic　forces　and　promote　the　formation　of　a　Department　of　Defenselevel　office　that　will　coordinate　and　integrate　efforts　across　the　armed　services，　ultimately　resulting　in　jointservice　development　of　unmanned　effects，　rather　than　the　course　of　servicecentric　research　that　currently　exists.

“What　weve　found　in　the　area　of　robotics　is　that　the　Navy　has　programs，　the　Air　Force　has　programs，　the　Army　has　programs，”　Johnson　said.　“But　theres　no　one　at　the　DoD　level　who　has　a　clear　vision　of　where　were　going　to　go　with　these　things.　How　do　we　want　them　to　interoperate?　How　do　we　want　them　to　communicate　with　each　other?　How　do　we　want　them　to　interact　with　humans?”

“Across　the　Department　of　Defense，　people　dont　really　have　the　big　picture.　They　dont　understand　how　close　we　really　are　to　being　able　to　implement　these　technologies　in　some　sort　of　cohesive　way　into　a　cohesive　force　to　achieve　the　desired　effects.”

The　vision　that　Johnson　wants　the　study　to　articulate　outlines　the　many　useful　capabilities　that　will　be　available　in　robots　before　2025.　Characteristics　of　a　tactical　autonomous　combatant（TAC）　would　include　the　ability　to　work　in　ground，　air，　space　or　undersea　environments，　and　in　harsh　conditions　such　as　extreme　heat　or　cold.　In　addition，　TACs，　unlike　humans，　would　be　able　to　operate　in　chemically，　biologically　or　radiologically　contaminated　environments.

“We　call　them　tactical　autonomous　combatants　because　theyll　operate　largely　autonomously　with　some　limited　human　supervision，”　explained　Johnson.　“Were　talking　about，　where　we　can　and　where　we　have　the　capability　of　replacing　humans.　Were　not　talking　about　the　operational　level　or　strategic　level，　but　at　the　tactical　level，　still　using　humans　where　we　need　to.　Using　adjustable　autonomy　or　supervised　autonomy，　humans　will　still　have　to　interact　with　the　machines.”

Words　&　Expressions

articulate／tkjulet／　v.　清晰明白地说

cohesive／khisv／　adj.　紧密结合的

combatant／kmbtnt／　n.　战士，战斗人员

contaminated／kntmnetd／　adj.　被污染的

out　of　the　loop　n.　在圈内人物之外的；在决策圈外的

robotics　／rbtiks／　n.　机器人学

skeletal／skeltl／　adj.　框架的，大概的

terminator／tmnet／　n.　终结者

Proper　Names

Baltimore巴尔的摩（美国马里兰州最大城市）

Forbidden　Planet《禁忌星球》（电影）

Johns　Hopkins　University［美］约翰·霍普金斯大学

USJFCOM美国联合部队司令部

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner.

1　What　is　the　goal　of　the　study　“Unmanned　Effects：　Taking　the　Human　out　of　the　Loop”?

2　What　are　the　features　of　a　tactical　autonomous　combatant?

3　Why　do　we　call　the　robots　in　the　future　tactical　autonomous　combatants?

Task　2Debate

Directions：　Discuss　in　groups　about　the　function　of　military　robots　in　the　future　war，　then　debate　on　the　topic　“Will　Military　Robots　Replace　Humam　Combatants　in　the　Future　War？”　based　on　your　discussion.

Unit　SixMilitary　Education

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

ambition／mbn／　n.　野心，雄心

Proper　Names

Yale耶鲁大学

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions.

1　Where　does　the　journalist　stay　to　conduct　the　interview?

2　How　many　attitudes　have　been　mentioned　in　the　video?　What　are　they?

3　Would　the　interviewers　ever　consider　joining　the　U.S.　military?　If　not，　please　give　as　many　reasons　as　possible　with　the　information　given　in　the　video.

Task　2True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　then　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　Not　all　the　Americans　want　to　join　the　army　only　because　no　one　wants　to　die.

2　Students　in　the　interview　prefer　to　serve　the　country　by　joining　the　military.

3　Troops　actions　are　following　the　control　of　the　government.

4　One　reason　for　students　to　join　the　army　is　that　they　trust　President　Bush.

5　Studying　medicine　in　Yale　rather　than　being　a　cadet　can　also　devote　oneself　to　the　country.

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

How　the　U.S.　Military　Academy［1］

Develops　Leaders　of　Character

1“At　West　Point，　much　of　the　history　we　teach　was　made　by　people　we　taught.”

2The　United　States　Military　Academy　at　West　Point，　N.Y.，　is　one　of　the　premier　leader　developing　institutions　in　the　world.　USMA　prides　itself　on　producing　newly　commissioned　second　lieutenants　who　are　leaders　of　character.

3The　stated　mission　of　the　academy　is　to　graduate　“commissioned　leaders　of　character.”

4Graduates　of　USMA　include　Gen.　George　Patton，　Gen.　Dwight　Eisenhower，　the　former　Central　Command　Commander　Gen.　David　Petraeus，　the　former　MNFI［2］commander　Gen.　Ray　Odierno，　and　the　coach　of　the　2008　Gold　Medal　winning　U.S.　mens　basketball　team—Mike　Krzyzewski.

5West　Point　develops　leaders　of　character　by　taking　a　holistic　“whole　person”　approach　to　leader　development.　The　end　state　of　the　developmental　process　is　an　officer　with　a　fundamental　understanding　of　the　four　clusters　of　expert　knowledge　that　defines　our　profession　and　codifies　the　identity　of　an　army　officer：

●　Leader　of　character—moral／ethical　knowledge

●　Warrior—military／technical　knowledge

●　Servant　of　the　country—political／cultural　knowledge

●　Member　of　a　profession—knowledge　of　human　development

6Their　model　of　leader　development　is　based　on　research　and　literature　from　three　academic　fields—adult　development，　leadership　theory　and　organizational　theory.　A　West　Point　cadets　47month　experience　is　shaped　around　this　commonly　used　model　for　education　and　development.

7West　Point　graduates　leaders　of　character　by　immersing　cadets　in　a　holistic　47month　leader　development　experience　centered　on　six　leader　developing　domains—

Competence　domains：

●　Intellectual—leaders　who　anticipate　and　respond　effectively　to　the　uncertainties　of　a　changing　technological，　social，　political　and　economic　world（new　knowledge，　experience　and　reflection）.

●　Military—leaders　who　anticipate　a　range　of　military　challenges　and　possess　the　requisite　warrior　ethos，　leadership　perspective　and　military　skills　to　respond　effectively　in　combat　and　a　wide　range　of　complex　situations（new　knowledge，　experience　and　reflection）.

●　Physical—leaders　who　are　physically　fit，　mentally　strong，　and　prepared　to　confront　the　physical　challenges　inherent　in　worldwide　military　operations　and　the　duties　required　of　an　officer（new　knowledge，　experience　and　reflection）.

Character　domains：

●　Moral／ethical—leaders　who　have　developed　morally　and　ethically，　enabling　them　to　discern　what　is　right　and　wrong　and　then　make　proper　decisions　and　take　appropriate　action（new　knowledge，　experience　and　reflection）.

●　Social—leaders　who　interact　appropriately　with　others　in　a　wide　range　of　social　and　professional　settings，　displaying　proper　etiquette　and　dress，　consideration　for　others，　and　respect　for　social　and　professional　conventions　and　traditions（new　knowledge，　experiences　and　reflection）.

●　Domain　of　the　human　spirit—leaders　who　understand　and　continuously　develop　their　human　spirit　to　have　the　strength　of　character　and　worldview　to　adapt　effectively　to　combat　and　the　uncertainties　of　a　changing　world（new　knowledge，　experiences　and　reflection）.

8These　six　developmental　domains　are　intentionally　integrated　across　a　cadets　47month　program　at　West　Point.

9An　example　of　this　integration　is　a　required　philosophy　course　which　not　only　challenges　the　cadet　intellectually（new　knowledge）;　it　also　fosters　growth　in　the　moral／ethical　domain　and　the　domain　of　the　human　spirit.

10Another　example　is　the　requirement　for　every　cadet　to　participate　in　competitive　sports—either　at　the　intramural，　club　or　intercollegiate　levels.

11All　these　competitive　sport　experiences　focus　on　developing　warrior　leaders　of　character　who　are　motivated　to　win　while　developing　physically，　mentally，　emotionally　and　spiritually.

12The　center　of　gravity　of　leader　development　and　the　moral／ethical　domain　is　the　cadet　honour　code：　“A　cadet　will　not　lie，　cheat，　steal，　or　tolerate　those　who　do.”　This　minimum　standard　of　conduct　forms　the　developmental　baseline　from　which　further　moral／ethical　growth　follows.

13West　Points　creed　“Duty，　Honour，　Country”　and　the　fundamental　values　of　respect　and　integrity　are　the　guiding　principles　at　West　Point.

14Cadets　also　study　the　traits　that　make　good　leaders　and　study　the　art　of　leadership　development　in　organizations.

15As　part　of　a　capstone　course　on　“Officership，”　cadets　read　and　write（reflect）　about　a　famous　military　leader.

16West　Point　also　has　a　formal　fouryear　curriculum　focused　solely　on　the　Armys　professional　military　ethic.

17These　seminar　type　classes　foster　dialogue　on　topics　ranging　from　leadership　challenges，　the　seven　Army　Values［3］，　ethical　dilemmas，　and　officer／NCO　responsibilities.

18Additionally，　the　Corps　of　Cadets　is　organized　into　a　brigade　of　four　regiments，　eight　battalions　and　thirtytwo　companies　that　provides　unparalleled　opportunities　for　cadets　to　practice　leading　others.

19The　longer　cadets　stay　at　West　Point，　their　responsibility　and　expectations　of　them　increase.　West　Point　tailors　its　leader　challenges　and　developmental　activities　to　facilitate　cadets　progression　from　new　cadet　to　cadet　officer.

20Cadets　start　off　as　followers　during　their　first　year　when　there　is　a　common　set　of　core　experiences　across　all　domains.　By　the　second　year，　cadets　have　some　degree　of　choice　and　are　placed　in　their　first　leadership　position　as　a　team　leader　of　one　or　two　cadets.

21By　their　third　year，　they　assume　greater　responsibility　and　serve　as　cadet　noncommissioned　officers　within　the　corps.　Participation　in　Cadet　Troop

Leader　Training　with　army　units　gives　them　a　glimpse　of　what　is　expected　of　army　leaders.　Increased　responsibility　is　also　expected　as　leaders　of　athletic　teams　and　cadet　clubs.

22During　the　last　year，　cadets　get　the　opportunity　to　practice　being　officers　before　they　are　commissioned.　West　Point　requires　them　to　lead　the　corps　in　all　areas　of　development.　They　undoubtedly　face　challenges　of　increased　scope　and　responsibility.　As　corps　leaders，　they　get　an　opportunity　to　improve　their　leadership　skills　necessary　to　lead　a　military　organization.

23By　the　final　year，　West　Point　expects　cadets　to　embody　the　military　ethic　in　their　actions　and　words，　and　promote　ethical　behavior　in　their　subordinates.

24An　important　aspect　of　the　developmental　model　is　reflection.　Reflection　is　a　concept　that　many　people　in　the　army　either　dont　like　or　dont　know—but　is　vital　to　leader　and　character　development.　Reflection　involves　a　person（or　group）　thinking　about，　writing　about，　and／or　discussing　in　detail　an　experience，　idea，　value，　or　new　knowledge.　Most　often　for　reflection　to　really　be　developmental，　it　needs　to　be　guided　by　an　experienced　and　knowledgeable　person　who　can　push　the　envelope　and　facilitate　a　reflective　experience　that　takes　the　individual　out　of　their　comfort　zone.　This　type　of　reflection　results　in　development.

25Importantly，　the　entire　staff　and　faculty　at　West　Point　understand　they　are　responsible　for　integrating　this　holistic　leader　development　experience.

26These　role　models　serve　as　mentors，　tactical　commissioned　and　noncommissioned　officers，　staff，　faculty，　chaplains，　coaches　and　officer　representatives　for　athletic　teams　and　cadet　clubs.

27Through　interaction　with　cadets，　these　role　models　teach，　enforce　and　model　standards　of　excellence.　The　expectation　is　for　these　mentors　to　show　cadets　“what　right　looks　like.”　Both　through　formal（classroom，　military　training，　coaching，　etc.）　and　informal（social）　interactions，　the　staff　and　faculty　are　the　“integrators”　who　ensure　each　cadet　grows　in　the　six　developmental　domains.

28A　common　saying　from　staff　and　faculty　is—（“I　develop　leaders　of　character　at　West　Point　while　I　teach／coachchemistry，　football，　etc.）”.

29Finally，　a　key　factor　in　the　West　Point　experience　is　the　acknowledgment　that　cadets　are　unique　individuals　who　start　at　different　levels　and　develop　differently.　The　goal　is　to　tailor　experiences　to　support　individual　cadet　differences　but　meet　common　standards　and　baseline　requirements　of　West　Points　leader　development.

30The　U.S.　Military　Academy　prides　itself　on　being　one　of　the　premier　leader　developing　institutions　in　the　world.　Its　holistic　approach　to　leader　development，　focused　on　the　six　developmental　domains，　provides　the　unique　framework　for　this　development　to　occur.

（1，231　words）

NOTES

［1］　U.S.　Military　Academy美国陆军军官学校（又称西点军校）The　United　States　Military　Academy　（also　known　as　USMA,　or　simply　West　Point）　is　a　four-year　coeducational　federal　service　academy　located　in　West　Point,　New　York.　The　academy　sits　on　scenic　high　ground　overlooking　the　Hudson　River,　50　miles　（80　km）　north　of　New　York　City.

［2］　MNFI驻伊拉克多国部队The　MultiNational　Force—Iraq（MNFI），　often　referred　to　as　the　Coalition　Forces，　was　a　military　command　during　much　of　the　Iraq　War，　which　was　led　by　the　United　States　of　America　and　its　allies.　The　MNFI　was　responsible　for　conducting　and　handling　military　operations　during　Operation　Iraqi　Freedom　and　for　much　of　the　Iraq　War.

［3］　the　seven　Army　Values美国陆军核心价值观LDRSHIP　is　an　acronym　for　the　seven　basic　values　of　the　United　States　Army　and　stands　for　loyalty,　duty,　respect,　selfless　service,　honor,　integrity　and　personal　courage.

MILITARY　TERMS

brigade／bred／　n.　旅

Cadet　Troop　Leader　Training学员部队代职训练

commissioned／kmnd／　adj.　受委任的，受任命的

company／kmpni／　n.　连

Corps　of　Cadets西点军校学员旅

end　state终极状态

honour　code荣誉准则

lieutenant／lutnnt／　n.（英陆）中尉，（英海或美海）上尉

noncommissioned　officer士官

professional　military　ethic军事职业道德

regiment／redmnt／　n.　团

second　lieutenant少尉

NEW　WORDS

acknowledgement／knldmnt／　n.　an　act　of　accepting　that　sth.　exists　or　is　true，　or　that　sth.　is　there（对事实、现实、存在的）承认

anticipate／ntspet／　vt.　see　what　might　happen　in　the　future　and　take　action　to　prepare　for　it　预见，预计（并做准备）

baseline／beslan／　n.　a　standard　measurement　or　fact　against　which　other　measurements　or　facts　are　compared　基础，起点

cluster／klst／　n.　a　group　of　things　of　the　same　kind　that　are　very　close　together　簇，团，串

codify／kdfa／　vt.　arrange　laws，　principles，　facts，　etc.　in　a　system　编纂，把……编成法典

creed／krｉd／　n.　a　set　of　beliefs　or　principles　信条，校训

curriculum／krkjlm／　n.　the　subjects　that　are　taught　by　a　school，　college，　etc.　or　the　things　that　are　studied　in　a　particular　subject　课程

discern／dsn／　v.　notice　or　understand　something　by　thinking　about　it　carefully　辨识，识别

domain／dmen／　n.　an　area　of　activity，　interest　or　knowledge，　especially　one　that　a　particular　person，　organization，　etc.　deals　with　领域

embody／mbdi／　vt.　be　a　very　good　example　of　an　idea　or　quality　体现，使具体化

enforce／nfs／　vt.　make　people　obey　a　rule　or　law　实施，执行

ethical／eｋｌ／　adj.　morally　good　or　correct　伦理的，道德的

ethos／is／　n.　the　set　of　ideas　and　moral　attitudes　that　are　typical　of　a　particular　group　气质

etiquette／ｅtket／　n.　the　formal　rules　for　polite　behavior　in　society　or　in　a　particular　group　礼节，礼仪

facilitate／fsltet／　vt.　make　it　easier　for　a　process　or　activity　to　happen　促进，帮助，使容易

fundamental／fndmentl／　adj.　relating　to　the　most　basic　and　important　parts　of　something　基本的，根本的

glimpse／lmps／　n.　a　look　at　sb.／sth.　for　a　very　short　time，　when　you　do　not　see　the　person　or　thing　completely　一瞥，一看

gravity／rvtｉ／　n.　the　force　that　causes　something　to　fall　to　the　ground　or　to　be　attracted　to　another　planet　重心，地心引力

holistic／hlstk／　adj.　considering　a　person　or　thing　as　a　whole，　rather　than　as　separate　parts　全盘的，整体的

intellectual／ntlektl／　adj.　relating　to　the　ability　to　understand　things　and　think　intelligently　智力的，文化的

interaction／ntrkn／　n.　the　activity　of　talking　to　other　people，　working　together　with　them，　etc.　互动（活动）

intercollegiate／ntklｉdit／　adj.　involving　competitions　between　colleges　学院间的，大学间的

intramural／ntrmjrl／　adj.　happening　within　one　school，　or　intended　for　the　students　of　one　school　校内的

mentor／ment／　n.　an　experienced　person　who　advises　and　helps　a　less　experienced　person　导师，顾问

requisite／rekwzt／　adj.　needed　for　a　particular　purpose　必不可少的

seminar／semn／　n.　a　class　at　a　university　or　college　for　a　small　group　of　students　and　a　teacher　to　study　or　discuss　a　particular　subject　研讨会，研讨班

subordinate／sbdnt／　n.　someone　who　has　a　lower　position　and　less　authority　than　someone　else　in　an　organization　下属，下级

tolerate／tlret／　vt.　allow　people　to　do，　say　or　believe　something　without　criticizing　or　punishing　them　忍受，宽容

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　adapt　togradually　change　ones　behavior　and　attitudes　in　order　to　be　successful　in　a　new　situation　使……适应于

2　a　glimpse　ofa　short　experience　of　something　that　helps　you　begin　to　understand　it　短暂的感受（或体验、领会）

3　center　of　gravitythe　point　in　any　object　on　which　it　can　balance　重心

4　comfort　zonethe　range　of　activities　or　situations　that　you　feel　happy　and　confident　in　舒适区

5　focus　ongive　special　attention　to　one　particular　person　or　thing，　or　to　make　people　do　this　集中于

6　interact　withcommunicate　with　sb.　especially　while　you　work,　play　or　spend　the　time　with　them　①　交流，沟通②　合作

7　participate　intake　part　in　an　activity　or　event　参与，参加

8　push　the　envelopetry　to　go　beyond　the　normal　limits　of　something　超越极限

9　range　from...（to...）include　a　variety　of　different　things　in　addition　to　those　mentioned包括（从……到……）　之间的各类事物

10　respond　todo　something　as　a　reaction　to　something　that　has　been　said　or　done　响应，作出反应

11　start　offbegin　by　doing　or　being　sth.　开始，出发

PROPER　NAMES

David　Petraeus戴维·彼得雷乌斯（曾任美中央司令部司令和美国中央情报局局长）

Dwight　Eisenhower德怀特·艾森豪威尔（美国政治家、军事家，曾任美国第34任总统）

George　Patton乔治·巴顿（美陆军四星上将）

Mike　Krzyzewski迈克·沙舍夫斯基

Ray　Odierno雷·奥迪诺（曾任驻伊拉克多国部队司令）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text.

1　Why　does　the　author　mention　some　of　the　graduates　of　USMA　in　Paragraph　4?

（A）　To　show　they　are　celebrities　worth　mentioning.

（B）　To　show　the　approach　of　USMA　to　develop　its　cadets　leadership　is　fruitful.

（C）　To　prove　that　USMA　is　a　good　military　academy.

（D）　To　show　off　his　knowledge　as　well　as　his　affection　to　USMA.

2　USMAs　model　of　leader　development　is　based　on　research　and　literature　from　three　academic　fields　EXCEPT　.

（A）　organizational　theory

（B）　leadership　theory

（C）　psychology

（D）　adult　development

3　Philosophy　is　a　required　course　in　USMA　because　it　is　supposed　to　develop　the　cadets　capacity　in　the　following　domains　EXCEPT　.

（A）　the　domain　of　the　human　spirit

（B）　the　moral／ethical　domain

（C）　the　intellectual　domain

（D）　the　physical　domain

4　What　is　the　center　of　gravity　of　leader　development　and　the　moral／ethical　domain?

（A）　USMAs　creed　“Duty，　Honour，　Country.”

（B）　The　fundamental　values　of　respect　and　integrity.

（C）　The　cadet　honour　code：　“A　cadet　will　not　lie，　cheat，　steal，　or　tolerate　those　who　do.”

（D）　The　belief　that　“I　develop　leaders　of　character　at　West　Point　while　I　teach／coach.”

5　What　is　West　Points　purpose　of　involving　cadets　in　Cadet　Troop　Leader　Training　with　army　units?

（A）　To　save　budget　by　appointing　cadets　to　management.

（B）　To　prepare　the　cadets　for　their　future　career　of　being　army　leaders.

（C）　To　fulfill　the　requirements　set　by　the　syllabus.

（D）　To　adapt　the　cadets　to　the　honour　system　of　West　Point.

6　When　can　cadets　in　West　Point　get　the　opportunity　to　practice　being　officers　before　they　are　commissioned?

（A）　In　the　first　year.

（B）　In　the　second　year.

（C）　In　the　third　year.

（D）　In　the　fourth　year.

7.　An　important　aspect　of　the　developmental　model　is　which　involves　a　person（or　group）　thinking　about，　writing　about，　and／or　discussing　in　detail　an　experience，　idea，　value，　or　new　knowledge.

（A）　reflection

（B）　participation　in　teamwork

（C）　respect

（D）　acknowledgement

8　In　order　to　support　individual　cadet　differences，　USMA　acknowledges　the　following　aspects　EXCEPT　.

（A）　cadets　may　develop　in　a　different　way

（B）　cadets　might　start　at　various　levels

（C）　cadets　are　unique　individuals

（D）　cadets　are　allowed　to　meet　the　different　standards

Section　B

Directions：　Reread　the　passage　and　then　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　information　you　got　from　tro　passage　to　complete　the　following　summary.

USMA　is　one　of　the　best　leader　developing　institutions　in　the　world　by　taking　a　holistic（1）　“　”　approach　to　leader　development.　This　developmental　process　is　aiming　at　developing　officers　with　a　fundamental　understanding　of　four　clusters　of　knowledge　which　include（2）　knowledge，（3）　knowledge，　political／cultural　knowledge　and　knowledge　of（4）　.

To　equip　all　cadets　with　the　mentioned　knowledge　and　thus　develop　them　into　leaders　of　character，　a　commonly　used　model　for（5）　and　development　is　adopted　on　the　basis　of　research　and　literature　from　three　academic　fields　including　adult　development　（6）　and（7）　.

With　such　a　model　of　leader　development，　cadets　are　immersed　in　a（8）　long　experience　centered　on　six　leader　developing　domains：（9）　，（10）　，　physical，　moral／ethical，（11）　domains　and　domain　of　the　human　spirit.　And　all　these　six　developmental　domains　are　intentionally　integrated　in　almost　every　aspect　of　the　cadets　life　in　West　Point.　For　example，　every　cadet　is　required　to　participate　in（12）　which　can　develop　them　physically，（13）　，　emotionally　and（14）　.

The　center　of　gravity　of　leader　development　and　the　moral／ethical　domain　is　the　cadet　honour　code：　“A　cadet　will　not（15）　，　，　，　or　tolerate　those　who　do.”　West　Points　creed　“（16）　，　，　”　and　the　fundamental　values　of（17）　and（18）　are　the　guiding　principles　at　West　Point.　Cadets　also　study　the　traits　that　make　good　leaders　and　study　the（19）　in　organizations.　West　Point　also　prepares　a　formal　fouryear　curriculum　focused　solely　on　the　Armys（20）　for　the　cadets.

Whats　more，　the　Corps　of　Cadets　is　organized　to　provide　unparalleled　opportunities　for　cadets　to　practice（21）　.　Participation　in　Cadet　Troop　Leader　Training　with　army　units　offers　cadets　developmental　activities　to　facilitate　their　progression　from　new　cadet　to（22）　.

Another　crucial　aspect　of　the　developmental　model　is　to（23）　through　thinking　about，　writing　about　and／or　discussing　with　the　help　of　some　experienced　and　knowledgeable　persons　who　are　considered　as（24）　.

In　the　end，　a　key　factor　in　the　leader　development　is　the　acknowledgment　that　cadets　are（25）　with　different　traits　and　interests.

In　a　word，　West　Point　provides　a　holistic　approach　and　a　unique　framework　to　develop　leaders　of　character.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

tolerate

embody

foster

facilitate

ethical

interaction

anticipate

baseline

enforce

involve

1　The　International　Atomic　Energy　Agency（IAEA国际原子能机构）　was　established　in　1957　to　encourage　the　development　of　the　peaceful　applications　of　nuclear　technology　and　the　application　of　safety　measures　in　its　use.

2　The　application　of　system　into　technology　of　antimissile（反导弹）　has　improved　its　precision.

3　It　was　estimated　that　over　60　countries　were　in　World　War　Ⅱ.

4.　A　nuclear　weapon　essentially　everything　a　terrorist　could　hope　for：　the　ability　to　kill　at　least　tens　of　thousands　of　people　at　once，　a　fiery　explosion　that　reverberates（使反射，使回响）　globally　in　images　of　death　and　destruction，　and　a　lingering（漫长的），　lethal（致命的）　legacy　in　the　form　of　radioactive　fallout（放射性尘埃）.

5　The　Peaceful　Treaty　was　in　this　region　with　the　help　of　peacekeeping　force.

6　The　field　training　exercise（野战训练演习）　is　designed　to　the　troops　better　ability　to　confront　challenges.

7　An　excellent　officer　should　be　able　to　any　circumstances　in　the　war.

8　In　the　military，　there　are　and　standards　that　military　members　are　expected　to　abide　by.

9　The　school　motto　is　introduced　to　the　cadets　in　the　first　day　to　form　the　developmental　for　all　of　them.

10.　Egypts　military　rulers　have　said　they　will　not　“troublemakers”　causing　problems　at　Mondays　parliamentary　election（议会选举）.

Section　B

Directions：　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets.

1　The　curriculum　of　West　Point　the　requirements　set　by　future　career　of　all　cadets.（以……为基础，以……为根据）

2　The　university　offers　clubs　and　societies　for　the　cadets　to　foster　their　allround　ability.（各种不同的，多种多样的）

3　The　soldiers　are　supposed　to　receive　trainings　in　different　environments　so　as　to　better　various　surroundings　in　the　war.（适应）

4　China　began　to　the　U.N.　peacekeeping　operations　in　the　late　1980s　and　then　sent　welltrained　peacekeepers　to　join　the　Blue　Helmet.（参加）

5　Compared　with　college　students　in　the　local　universities　who　concentrate　on　personal　development，　cadets　in　military　academies　spend　more　time　training　projects　to　improve　their　sense　of　teamwork.（集中精力于……）

6　Cadets　in　USMA　must　strive　hard　all　the　time　to　set　by　the　academy　for　graduates.（达到……标准）

7　The　lecturer　explained　the　development　of　weapon　through　the　history　of　human　being　with　abundant　pictures，　videos　and　even　models.（详细地）

8　The　documentary　gave　rare　of　military　strategies　adopted　by　Chinese　army　in　the　AntiJapanese　War.（初步领会）

Ⅲ　Reading　Practice

Directions：　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

Prior　to　World　War　Ⅱ,　the　branches　of　the　United　States　military　generally　trained　their　staff　independently,　but　new　demands　for　collaborative　efforts　by　services　dedicated　to　ground,　sea　and　air　made　clear　the　need　for　joint　education.　In　December，　1942,　Commanding　General　of　the　Army　Air　Forces（陆军航空队）　Hap　Arnold　proposed　a　War　College　that　might　train　officers　for　joint　operations　between　the　United　States　Army　and　Navy　and　develop　new　methods　and　doctrines　for　cooperative　efforts　during　the　war.　To　meet　this　need,　in　1943　Hap　and　his　fellow　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff（参谋长联席会议）　established　a　temporary　Army　and　Navy　Staff　College　that　provided　fourmonth　courses　for　officers　through　the　end　of　the　war.

During　its　operation,　the　Army　and　Navy　Staff　Colleges　commandant,　Lieutenant　General　John　Dewitt　was　invited　to　lead　a　panel　to　develop　recommendations　for　the　future　of　joint　military　education,　and　the　panel　recommended　the　establishment　of　a　national　university　that　would　incorporate　a　joint　industrial　college,　joint　war　college　and　State　Department　college.　At　the　same　time,　the　Special　Committee　for　Reorganization　of　the　National　Defense　headed　by　Navy　Admiral（海军上将）　James　Richardson（the　Richardson　Committee）　began　conducting　national　interviews　that　led　to　a　highly　controversial　recommendation　for　a　unified　armed　forces　as　well　as　a　list　of　“three　basic　requirements”　for　joint　military　education　and　training:　①　adequate　training　to　allow　juniors　to　cooperatively　enact　joint　plans,　②　joint　education　to　allow　officers　to　work　together　in　drafting　and　enacting　joint　plans,　and　③　joint　education　to　allow　officers　at　high　levels　to　formulate　and　command　largescale,　joint　operations.　While　the　United　States　Congress　set　about　the　slow　course　to　developing　the　Department　of　Defense,　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff　and　other　military　personnel　were　at　work　attempting　to　structure　joint　military　education.

The　first　few　years　after　the　war　saw　significant　movement　in　these　efforts.　In　1946,　the　National　War　College，　the　first　senior　school　for　JPME（Joint　Professional　Military　Education　联合职业军事教育）　under　the　Chairman　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff，　was　founded,　as　one　of　the　recommendations　by　a　study　headed　by　Lieutenant　General　Leonard　Gerow.　That　same　year,　the　Armed　Forces　Staff　College［renamed　in　2000　the　Joint　Forces　Staff　College（JFSC　联合部队参谋学院）］　was　opened　under　operation　of　the　Chief　of　Naval　Operations（海军作战部长）,　“to　train　selected　officers　of　the　armed　forces　in　joint　operations.”　Two　years　later,　the　recently　renamed　Industrial　College　of　the　Armed　Forces（ICAF　陆海空三军工业大学）　was　also　a　designated　“joint　educational　institution”　and　put　under　the　direction　of　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff.　When,　in　1976　a　National　Defense　University（NDU　国防大学）　was　created　to　provide　structure　to　military　education,　the　National　War　College（国家战争学院）　and　Industrial　College　of　the　Armed　Forces　were　its　first　two　constituents　for　joint　military　education.　In　1981,　the　Armed　Forces　Staff　College　was　also　assigned　to　NDU.

Ongoing　challenges　in　United　States　military　preparedness　for　joint　action　were　highlighted　by　1980s　Operation　Eagle　Claw（鹰爪行动）,　and　events　such　as　the　1983　Beirut　barracks　bombing（驻贝鲁特兵营爆炸事件）　emphasized　the　need　for　proper　cooperative　training.　The　1986　passage　of　the　GoldwaterNichols　Act（戈德华特尼科尔斯国防部重构法）　meant　to　help　overcome　barriers　between　interservice　cooperation　popularized　JPME　by　making　it　a　requirement　for　becoming　a　Joint　Staff　Officer（联合参谋军官）.　The　Act　also　mandated　standards　for　JPME　education.

1　Under　what　circumstance　was　the　proposal　of　offering　Joint　Professional　Military　Education　put　forward?

（A）　It　was　estimated　that　joint　education　would　be　more　economical.

（B）　Increasing　similarities　were　uncovered　among　services.

（C）　Proper　interservice　collaboration　was　in　urgent　need.

（D）　Commanding　General　of　the　Army　Air　Forces　Hap　Arnold　required　to　set　joint　education　among　services.

2　Which　college　was　the　first　senior　school　for　Joint　Professional　Military　Education?

（A）　National　War　College.

（B）　Joint　Forces　Staff　College.

（C）　Industrial　College　of　the　Armed　Forces.

（D）　National　Defense　University.

3　Which　of　the　following　colleges　does　NOT　belong　to　NDU　according　to　the　passage?

（A）　Armed　Forces　Staff　College.

（B）　Joint　Industrial　College.

（C）　National　War　College.

（D）　Industrial　College　of　the　Armed　Forces.

4　Which　of　the　following　is　NOT　a　proper　statement　of　the　significance　of　the　Goldwater-Nichols　Act?

（A）　It　makes　joint　action　a　necessity　between　services.

（B）　It　mandates　the　standards　for　JPME　education.

（C）　It　helps　overcome　barriers　for　interservice　cooperation.

（D）　It　makes　JPME　a　requirement　for　becoming　a　Joint　Staff　Officer.

5　Which　of　the　following　is　the　best　title　for　the　passage　in　accordance　with　its　main　idea?

（A）　Intraservice　Collaboration　and　Joint　Professional　Military　Education.

（B）　Key　Colleges　Involved　in　Joint　Professional　Military　Education.

（C）　Importance　of　Joint　Professional　Military　Education.

（D）　History　of　Joint　Professional　Military　Education.

Ⅳ　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese.

In　the　United　States，　military　education　has　always　been　closely　linked　to　developments　in　the　civilian　educational　community，　and　military　educators　have　often　been　caught　up　by　the　fads　in　educational　theory　that　have　swept　the　civilian　community　periodically.　For　example，　the　development　in　the　late　19th　century　of　both　civilian　graduate　education　and　the　military　war　colleges　was　based　on　German　models：　the　seminar　method　of　the　German　universities　and　the　Prussian　Kriegsakademie，　respectively.　And　today　the　call　for　“back　to　basics”　rings　in　the　halls　of　military　schools　as　loudly　as　in　our　elementary　and　secondary　schools　and　colleges.

Section　B

Directions：　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English.

按照兵役法和国防教育法，高等学校、高级中学和相当于高级中学的学校的国防教育，应当将课堂教学与军事训练相结合；高等学校学生在就学期间，必须接受基本军事训练。为加强对全国学生军训工作的指导，全军学生军训工作办公室会同教育部制订了全国学生军训工作规划。

Ⅴ　Writing　Practice

Directions:　Write　a　short　essay　with　no　less　than　200　words　to　illustrate　what　you　have　benefited　from　this　university.　Your　writing　is　supposed　to　cover　the　following　aspects.

1.　你在军校期间最大的收获是什么？

2.　这样的收获是如何取得的，对你有什么影响？

3.　你希望在后续学习阶段从哪方面提升自己的军人素质？

Text　B

Soldier　Scholars

—　Military　Education　as　an　Instrument　of　Chinas　Strategic　Power

1Over　the　last　three　decades，　China　has　undertaken　significant　efforts　to　enhance　the　quality　of　its　military　education　system.　The　expansion　of　noncommissioned　officer（NCO）　education　over　the　last　decade　within　the　Peoples　Liberation　Army（PLA）　illuminates　an　important，　yet　understudied　element　of　Chinas　broader　military　modernization　efforts.　Washington　policymakers　should　take　note　of　Beijings　investments　in　military　education　as　they　may　yield　key　insights　into　Chinese　military　strategy　as　well　as　its　grand　strategy.

The　transformation　of　the　PLA　military　education　system

2China　has　been　restructuring　and　enhancing　its　military　education　system　since　the　mid1980s，　giving　its　military　personnel，　particularly　the　PLA　officer　corps，　a　more　technical　and　more　specialized　education.　In　the　last　decade　Beijing　has　initiated　major　efforts　to　improve　its　NCO　education.　Chinese　military　strategists　believe　that　success　on　the　future　battlefield　will　require　a　welleducated　military　force　capable　of　fighting　“informationalized　wars.”　As　a　result，　the　demand　for　a　better　educated　leadership　cadre　has　emerged　including　the　NCO　corps.　The　concept　of　information　warfare　became　much　more　salient　for　Chinese　military　strategists　after　the　Gulf　War［1］　when　China　observed　the　heavy　US.　reliance　on　reconnaissance　and　communications　networks　to　prosecute　the　war.　The　PLA　has　been　raising　academic　standards　at　its　institutions，　upgrading　its　schools　and　academies　to　universities.　The　PLA　is　now　providing　graduate　degrees　to　operations　personnel;　in　the　past，　graduate　degrees　were　reserved　almost　exclusively　for　academy　instructors　and　technical　personnel.　These　types　of　reforms　signal　that　the　PLA　leadership　is　serious　about　enhancing　the　overall　quality　of　its　personnel.

3While　the　transformation　of　the　PLAs　educational　system　began　in　the　1980s，　it　was　the　vision　of　Chinese　leader　Deng　Xiaoping　who　made　PME　a　strategic　priority　for　the　PLA.　In　a　speech　delivered　in　1977，　Deng　lamented　the　state　of　military　education　in　the　PLA　and　urged　investment　in　PME.　In　subsequent　years，　Chinas　PME　system　was　reestablished　after　years　of　neglect　and　closure.　Dengs　successors　formulated　the　“Two　Transformation，”　which　called　for　the　PLA　to　transform　from　an　army　based　on　quantity　to　an　army　based　on　quality.　Into　the　21st　century,　the　PLA　launched　a　new　initiative　aimed　at　furthering　this　objective：　the　Strategic　Project　for　Talented　People.　The　goal　of　this　initiative　is　to　develop　command　officers　with　the　skills　needed　to　lead　“informationalized　wars，”　staff　officers　with　operational　planning　and　force　development　skills，　scientists　and　technical　specialists　and　a　cadre　of　NCOs　with　subject　matter　expertise　in　the　employment　of　complex　weaponry.

The　ability　to　fight　and　win　“informationalized　wars”

4Many　military　theorists　believe　that　future　warfare　will　depend　more　on　denying　and／or　degrading　an　adversarys　information　flow　than　kinetic　firepower　alone.　Chinese　military　strategists　have　been　discussing　the　concept　of　“informationalized　wars”　for　well　over　a　decade.　Information　acquisition　will　be　especially　prominent　in　this　role，　particularly　in　target　acquisition　and　the　use　of　precisionguided　munitions.

5The　Central　Military　Commission　of　China　constantly　stresses　that　the　transformation　of　the　PLAs　education　system　remains　an　urgent　priority　and　should　be　considered　in　the　broader　context　of　the　ongoing　revolution　in　military　affairs.　As　the　nature　of　warfare　continues　to　evolve，　Beijing　is　increasingly　looking　toward　education　as　an　instrument　of　strategic　advantage.　Strengthening　NCO　education　will　enhance　the　PLAs　overall　military　effectiveness　by　making　its　NCOs　more　effective　tacticians　capable　of　directing　the　employment　of　hightech　weapons　systems—a　role　formerly　reserved　for　more　junior　officers.　Moreover，　a　highly　educated　NCO　is　more　likely　to　understand　his　orders　within　the　broader　context　of　the　national　war　effort.　This　deepened　understanding　is　likely　to　influence　his　decisionmaking　calculus　and　approach　to　carrying　out　his　orders，　which　can　have　reverberations　at　the　operational　and　strategic　levels　of　war.　By　enhancing　NCO　education，　the　PLA　is　able　to　build　a　cadre　of　“strategic　tacticians”　who　operate　at　the　tactical　level　but　are　cognizant　of　their　role　within　the　national　war　effort.

Teaching　NCOs　how　to　think　strategically

6In　the　last　decade，　Chinas　PME　reforms　have　been　perhaps　most　striking　in　the　area　of　NCO　education.　The　PLA　has　begun　to　expand　the　roles　and　responsibilities　of　its　NCO　corps，　with　an　increasing　emphasis　on　technical　skills　and　leadership　responsibilities　previously　reserved　for　junior　officers.　For　example，　some　noncombat　support　vessels　in　the　Peoples　Liberation　Army　Navy（PLAN）　are　now　commanded　by　NCOs.　To　support　this　transformation，　significant　reforms　in　NCO　education　have　occurred　including　reorganizations　of　the　existing　education　system.　Seven　years　ago，　the　General　Staff　Headquarters　of　the　PLA　and　China　Central　Radio　and　TV　University　partnered　in　an　effort　to　enhance　the　educational　opportunities　for　NCOs.　Earlier　this　month　the　PLA　announced　that　more　than　20，000　NCOs　have　earned　undergraduate　and　Associate　degrees　because　of　this　partnership（PLA　Daily，　February　1）.　As　early　as　July，　2007，　the　PLA　awarded　five　doctoral　degrees　in　military　education　from　the　Shijiazhuang　Army　Command　College　the　first　in　the　history　of　Chinas　PME　system.　The　PLA　Daily　reported　“This　symbolizes　that　the　PLA　has　moved　up　to　a　new　level　in　the　cultivation　of　highlevel　talents　in　military　education　and　training”（PLA　Daily，　July　27，　2007）.

7So　far，　the　curriculum　of　the　Qingzhou　NonCommissioned　Officers　School　has　undergone　significant　changes　with　the　addition　of　lectures　and　courses　on　strategy　and　information　warfare.　The　new　model　of　instruction　includes　lectures　on　international　relations　and　current　affairs　and　a　reading　list　filled　with　titles　such　as　“Introduction　to　Information　Warfare”　and　“Military　Hightech　Knowledge，”　which　represents　a　significant　transformation　in　the　NCO　curriculum.

8Beijing　has　dedicated　significant　intellectual　power　to　thinking　about　NCO　education　and　how　to　improve　it.　Its　reforms　are　rooted　in　extensive　pedagogical　research.　Report　revealed　that　the　PLA　had　launched　a　research　program　to　offer　“theoretic　guidance　for　the　transformation　of　military　training　and　academic　education”　throughout　Chinas　PME　system.　The　research　will　focus　on　“the　base　training，　simulated　training　and　network　training　under　the　condition　of　informationalization，　on　cultivation　of　joint　operation　command　talents，　and　on　preassignment　education　curricula，　teaching　methods　and　means，　teaching　management　and　support.”　It　is　important　to　note　that　Chinas　PME　reform　highlights　several　themes　consistent　with　American　military　thought，　including　the　concepts　of　jointness　and　netcentric　operations.

9Several　years　ago，　the　Research　Society　of　NonCommissioned　Officer　Education　held　its　annual　conference　on　NCO　education.　The　attendees　represented　a　diverse　group，　including　all　branches　of　the　PLA，　the　Office　of　the　General　Department，　the　armed　police　and　academia.　Fortyfour　organizations　submitted　312　papers　on　the　subject　for　the　conference.　Some　attendees　even　argued　that　NCOs　would　play　an　increasingly　large　role　in　future　warfare.　The　seminar　also　highlighted　areas　for　improvement　within　the　PLAs　NCO　ranks　including　the　need　for　more　specialized　technical　training　for　weapons　employment，　the　need　to　eliminate　“big　gaps　between　the　specialty　technical　quality　and　meeting　the　requirements　of　informatized　warfare，”　and　the　development　of　updated　operating　concepts　with　applicability　in　the　Information　Age.

Conclusion

10Many　studies　have　focused　exclusively　on　the　technological　piece　of　the　Chinese　military　transformation　puzzle.　Students　of　Chinese　military　power　tend　to　emphasize　the　study　of　force　structure　and　weapons　systems　while　other　aspects　of　military　power　such　as　doctrine，　organizational　structure　and　military　education　are　neglected.　The　PLAs　sweeping　education　reforms　indicate　that　English　statesman　Francis　Bacons　famous　words　that　“knowledge　is　power”　resonate　with　the　leadership　in　Beijing.　There　are　two　overarching　questions　for　defense　analysts　and　Washington　policymakers：　How　will　Chinas　PME　transformation　impact　their　military　effectiveness　at　the　tactical，　operational　and　strategic　levels　of　warfare?　And　how　will　Chinas　military　policy　and　strategy　be　affected　writ　large?　Enhancing　education　throughout　the　PLA　is　critical　for　producing　a　more　highly　effective　force　because　it　will　provide　officers　and　NCOs　with　the　skills　needed　to　succeed　on　the　future　battlefield.　NCOs　in　the　PLA　will　be　more　integrated　into　the　system　and　likely　to　understand　their　orders　within　the　broader　context　of　the　national　war　effort.　This　will　influence　their　decisionmaking　calculus　at　the　tactical　level，　which　can　have　operational　and　strategic　implications.　By　transforming　its　entire　PME　system，　the　PLA　is　taking　an　important　step　to　increase　its　military　effectiveness　at　all　levels　of　war，　from　tactical　to　strategic，　by　enhancing　the　quality　of　its　personnel.

（1，411　words）

NOTES

［1］　the　Gulf　War海湾战争The　Persian　Gulf　War（August　2，　1990February　28，　1991），　codenamed　Operation　Desert　Storm（January　17，　1991February　28，　1991）　and　commonly　referred　to　as　simply　the　Gulf　War，　was　a　war　waged　by　a　UNauthorized　coalition　force　from　34　nations　led　by　the　United　States　against　Iraq　in　response　to　Iraqs　invasion　and　annexation　of　Kuwait.

MILITARY　TERMS

armed　police武警

command　officer指挥军官

communications　network通信网络

defense　analyst防务分析人员，防务分析家

doctrine／ｄｋtrｎ／　n.　（军事上的）主义，（基本作战）原则，作战条令，作战理论

firepower／ｆａｐａ／　n.　火力

force　development兵力配置，兵力部署

force　structure部队结构，兵力结构

information　acquisition信息获取

information　flow信息流

information　warfare信息战

joint　operation联合作战，协同作战

jointness军种联合

junior　officer　［陆］连级军官的简称；军衔较低的军官

military　effectiveness军事效能

military　power军事实力；军事强国

munitions／mjunnz／　n.　弹药，军火，军需品

netcentric　operation网络中心战

noncombat　support非作战支援

operational　planning作战计划拟制，作战运筹

organizational　structure组织结构，部队编制

precisionguided　munitions精确制导武器

simulated　training模拟训练

staff　officer参谋军官

strategic　level　of　war（战争的）战略层面

strategist／strtdst／　n.　战略家，军事家

tactical　level战术层次

tactician／tktn／　n.　战术家

technical　specialist专业技术人员

technical　personnel技术人员

NEW　WORDS

academia／ｋｄｉｍ／　n.　the　activities　and　work　done　at　universities　and　colleges,　or　the　teachers　and　students　involved　in　it　学术界

acquisition／ｋｗｚｎ／　n.　the　process　by　which　you　gain　knowledge　or　learn　a　skill　获得

adversary／ｄｖｓｒｉ／　n.　a　country　or　person　you　are　fighting　or　competing　against　对手，敌手

calculus／ｋｌｋｊｌｓ／　n.　the　part　of　mathematics　that　deals　with　changing　quantities,　such　as　the　speed　of　a　falling　stone　or　the　slope　of　a　curved　line　微积分

cognizant／ｋｎｚｎｔ／　adj.　knowing　about　sth.　and　understanding　it　已认知的，认识到的

emerge／ｉｍｄ／　vi.　appear　or　come　out　from　somewhere　出现，浮现

exclusively／ｋｓｋｌｕｓｖｌi／　adv.　only　唯一地

formulate／ｆｍｊulet／　vt.　develop　something　such　as　a　plan　or　a　set　of　rules,　and　decide　all　the　details　of　how　it　will　be　done　构想出，规划

illuminate／ｌｕｍneｔ／　vt.　make　something　much　clearer　and　easier　to　understand　阐明，说明

implication／ｍｐｌｋeｎ／　n.　a　possible　future　effect　or　result　of　an　action,　event,　decision，　etc.　可能的影响（或作用，结果）

initiate／ｎｉｅｔ／　vt.　arrange　for　something　important　to　start,　such　as　an　official　process　or　a　new　plan　开始，发起

kinetic／ｋｎeｔｋ／　adj.　relating　to　movement　［物理］动力（学）的，运动的

overarching／vrｔ／　adj.　including　or　influencing　every　part　of　something　非常重要的，首要的

pedagogical／ｐeｄｄｋｌ／　n.　relating　to　teaching　methods　or　the　practice　of　teaching　教学（法）

prominent／ｐｒｍｎｎｔ／　n.　important　突出的，重要的

prosecute／ｐｒｓｋｊｕt／　v.　continue　doing　something　从事

reserve／ｒｚｖ／　vt.　keep　something　so　that　it　can　be　used　by　a　particular　person　or　for　a　particular　purpose　保留

resonate／ｒeｚｎｅｔ／　vt.　if　something　such　as　an　event　or　a　message　resonates,　it　seems　important　or　good　to　people,　or　continues　to　do　this　产生共鸣

restructure／ｒｉｓｔｒｋｔ／　vt.　change　the　way　in　which　something　such　as　a　government,　business,　or　system　is　organized　重组

reverberation／ｒvｂｒｅｎ／　n.　a　severe　effect　that　is　caused　by　a　particular　event　and　continues　for　a　long　time　反响

salient／ｓｅｌｎｔ／　adj.　the　salient　points　or　features　of　something　are　the　most　important　or　most　noticeable　parts　of　it　重要的

statesman／ｓｔｅｔｓｍｎ／　n.　a　political　or　government　leader,　especially　one　who　is　respected　as　being　wise　and　fair　政治家

submit／ｓｂｍｔ／　vt.　give　a　plan,　piece　of　writing，　etc.　to　someone　in　authority　for　them　to　consider　or　approve　提交，呈送

subsequent／ｓｂｓｋｗｎｔ／　adj.　happening　or　coming　after　something　else　后来的，随后的

transformation／ｔｒｎｓｆｍｅｎ／　n.　a　complete　change　in　someone　or　something　①　转变　②　改革，转型

yield／ｊｉｌｄ／　vt.　produce　a　result,　answer,　or　piece　of　information　出产

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1　be　rooted　inhave　developed　from　something　and　be　strongly　influenced　by　it　根源在于……

2　cognizant　ofknow　about　sth　and　understand　it　认识到

3　（be）　consistent　withif　a　fact，　idea，　etc.　is　consistent　with　another　one，　it　seems　to　match　it　符合，与……一致

4　take　note　ofpay　attention　to　something　注意，注意到

5　transform　from...　to/into...completely　change　the　appearance　or　character　of　sth,　especially　in　a　way　that　improves　it　使改变外观（或性质），使改观

6　under　the　condition　ofall　the　things　that　affect　the　way　something　happens　在……条件下

7　within/in　the（broader)　context　ofthe　situation,　events,　or　information　that　are　related　to　something　and　that　help　you　to　understand　it　在……背景下

8　writ　largeeasy　to　see　or　understand　显而易见的

PROPER　NAMES

Central　Military　Commission　中央军事委员会

China　Central　Radio　and　TV　University　中央广播电视大学

Francis　Bacon　弗兰西斯·培根（英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家）

Qingzhou　NonCommissioned　Officers　School　解放军火箭军青州士官学校

Shijiazhuang　Army　Command　College　原石家庄陆军指挥学院

the　General　Staff　Headquarters　of　the　PLA　原解放军总参谋部

the　Office　of　the　General　Department　总部办公室

the　Research　Society　of　NonCommissioned　Officer　Education　全军军事教育学会士官教育委员会

the　Strategic　Project　for　Talented　People　军队人才战略工程

EXERCISES

Ⅰ　Reading　Comprehension

Direction：　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text.

1　The　following　statements　indicate　the　hints　of　the　Gulf　War　to　Chinese　military　strategists　EXCEPT　.

（A）　The　PLA　needs　to　enhance　the　overall　quality　of　its　personnel　to　fit　for　information　warfare.

（B）　The　U.S.　reliance　on　reconnaissance　and　communications　networks　contributed　to　the　final　victory.

（C）　The　standards　at　PLA　academic　institutions　should　be　improved　and　the　curriculum　needs　modifying　to　emphasize　the　demands　of　information　warfare.

（D）　Graduate　degrees　should　be　reserved　only　for　academy　instructors　and　technical　personnel.

2　Which　of　the　following　does　NOT　belong　to　the　vision　of　Chinese　leaders　concerning　the　transformation　of　the　PLAs　educational　system?

（A）　Investment　in　PME　is　urgent　for　the　development　of　the　PLA.

（B）　Command　officers　should　be　equipped　with　skills　needed　to　lead　“informationalized　wars.”

（C）　Staff　officers　need　to　develop　their　subject　matter　expertise　in　the　employment　of　complex　weaponry.

（D）　PLA　needs　to　transform　from　an　army　based　on　quantity　to　an　army　based　on　quality.

3　All　of　the　following　statements　illustrate　the　significance　of　Chinese　leaders　emphasis　on　strengthening　NCO　education　in　Paragraph　5　EXCEPT　.

（A）　strengthening　NCO　education　will　enhance　the　PLAs　overall　military　effectiveness

（B）　strengthening　NCO　education　will　help　the　NCOs　better　understand　the　orders　they　receive

（C）　strengthening　NCO　education　will　enable　the　PLA　to　build　a　cadre　of　“strategic　tacticians”

（D）　strengthening　NCO　education　will　develop　NCOs　decisionmaking　calculus　and　approach　to　carrying　out　his　orders

4　What　does　“This”　in　the　words　quoted　from　PLA　Daily　in　Paragraph　6　refer　to?

（A）　The　PLA　awarded　five　doctoral　degrees　in　military　education.

（B）　The　first　in　the　history　of　Chinas　PME　system.

（C）　More　than　20，000　NCOs　have　earned　undergraduate　and　Associate　degrees.

（D）　A　partnership　has　been　formed　between　the　General　Staff　Headquarters　of　the　PLA　and　China　Central　Radio　and　TV　University.

5　According　to　the　author，　the　research　program　launched　throughout　Chinas　PME　system　has　some　focuses　similar　to　American　military　thought　including　the　concepts　of　.

（A）　simulated　training　and　network　training

（B）　jointness　and　base　training

（C）　base　training　and　netcentric　operations

（D）　jointness　and　netcentric　operations

6　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　NOT　the　topic　discussed　by　the　attendees　of　the　annual　conference　on　NCO　education　held　by　the　Research　Society　of　NonCommissioned　Officer　Education?

（A）　The　need　to　improve　the　PLAs　NCO　ranks.

（B）　The　need　to　eliminate　“big　gaps　between　the　specialty　technical　quality　and　meeting　the　requirements　of　informatized　warfare.”

（C）　The　need　for　more　specialized　technical　training　for　weapons　employment.

（D）　The　development　of　updated　operating　concepts　with　applicability　in　the　Information　Age.

7　According　to　the　last　paragraph，　what　is　the　purpose　of　the　author　in　writing　this　passage?

（A）　To　lead　American　defense　analysts　and　policymakers　to　research　Chinas　PME　transformation　and　its　impact.

（B）　To　help　China　improve　the　PME　transformation.

（C）　To　find　out　the　problems　of　Chinas　PME　transformation.

（D）　To　attract　attention　and　respect　from　other　analysts　and　tacticians.

Ⅱ　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

1　The　transformation　of　the　PME　will　e　the　PLAs　military　effectiveness　in　an　allround　way.

2　The　transformation　of　the　PME　is　aimed　to　help　the　PLA　f　a　more　highly　effective　force.

3　After　the　election　of　Trump　as　American　president，　theorists　around　the　world　were　busy　analyzing　its　profound　i　for　the　future　of　international　relations.

4　Two　decades　ago，　many　scholars　and　strategists　were　being　involved　in　the　hot　debate　of　whether　China　would　e　as　a　global　economic　and　political　power　in　the　21st　century?

5　It　has　been　a　popular　opinion　among　the　military　strategists　that　the　most　c　asset　of　the　army　is　not　the　technology　but　officer　corps　with　initiative，　innovation　and　courage　to　challenge　and　change.

6　China　has　no　plan　for　military　e　as　its　development　of　national　defense　is　for　its　own　security，　a　Navy　testing　base　commander　of　the　Peoples　Liberation　Army（PLA）　said　last　Friday.

7　On　this　Wednesday，　the　Russian　Foreign　Ministry　said　that　Russia　is　preparing　to　s　a　draft　resolution（决议草案）　to　the　United　Nations　General　Assembly　on　measures　to　ensure　that　the　outer　space　is　free　of　weapons.

8　It　is　said　the　blue　helmet　worn　by　a　peacekeeper　is　supposed　to　r　peace，　hope　and　honour.

9　We　should　understand　that　the　weaponry　is　a　p　factor　of　war，　but　not　the　decisive　one.　It　is　man　and　not　materials　that　count.

10　Due　to　the　i　performance　of　cadets　of　PLA　University　of　Science　and　Technology，　China　made　good　achievement　in　the　Sandhurst　Contest　held　in　USMA.

Section　B

Directions：　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

under　the　condition　ofbe　consistent　withas　well　as

take　note　ofbe　rooted　inwith　an　emphasis　on

transform　from...　to/into...be　serious　about

1　The　medical　team　is　supposed　to　make　a　general　checkup　for　these　peacekeepers　who　recently　return　from　their　missions，　their　psychological　health.

2　This　experience　William　Wallace　almost　overnight　a　nave　young　man　a　strongwilled　warrior.

3　The　professor　suggested　the　cadets　to　the　neighboring　countries　attitude　after　the　HuangYan　Island　Event.

4　PLA　theory　on　fighting　and　winning　“local　wars　informationalization”　emphasizes　the　role　of　technology，　particularly　information　technology，　as　a　forcemultiplier（战斗力倍增器）　enabling　PLA　forces　to　conduct　relatively　limited　military　operations　with　precision　at　greater　distances　from　Chinas　border.

5　The　policy　of　reform　and　opening　up　the　basic　national　conditions　of　China.

6　Nowadays，　the　cadets　take　part　in　traditional　classroom　lectures　online　education.

7　Racism　still　deeply　some　areas，　which　may　result　in　friction　and　even　bloody　conflict.

8　The　soldiers　are　told　to　every　word　from　their　squad　leader　from　the　first　day　they　join　the　army.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening，　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

engineering／endnr／　n.　工程学

Proper　Names

Carolina　卡罗莱纳州（在美国东南部）

Charleston　查尔斯顿（美国西弗吉尼亚州首府）

The　Citadel　要塞军事学院

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　The　Citadel　is　a　public，　fouryear　military　college　in　South　California.

2　The　college　accepts　both　men　and　women　for　its　fouryear　program.

3　The　cost　of　overseas　cadets　is　about　25，000　dollars　for　the　first　year　and　then　drops　to　about　21，000　dollars.

4　The　Citadel　accepted　56　students　from　all　over　the　world　this　year.

5　Graduates　in　the　Citadel　are　required　to　enter　the　armed　forces.

Task　2Gap　Filling

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　or　expressions　given　in　the　word　bank.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

cadet

armed　forces

public

engineering

mainly

The　Citadel　is　a　（1）　military　college　in　the　South　Carolina.　It　accepts　both　men　and　women　for　its　fouryear　program.　（2）　receive　a　traditional　military　education.　Graduates　are　not　required　to　enter　the　（3）　.

This　year，　the　Citadel　has　56　students　from　32　countries　outside　the　United　States.　They　are　（4）　studying　business，　science，　computer　science，　mathematics　and　（5）　.　The　cost　is　about　25，000　dollars　for　the　first　year.　After　that，　it　drops　to　about　21，000　dollars.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　passage　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

military　college

public

graduates

main　subjects

cost

Passage　Listening　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

embassy／embs／　n.　大使馆

locate／lket／　v.　位于，定居

nominee／nmnｉ／　n.　被任命者，被提名人

defense　attach　武官

Proper　Names

Air　Force　Academy　［美］空军军官学校

Annapolis　安纳波利斯（美国马里兰州首府）

Coast　Guard　Academy　［美］海岸警卫队学校

Colorado　科罗拉多州（美国西部一州）

Defense　Department　［美］国防部

Merchant　Marine　Academy　美国商船学校

Naval　Academy　［美］海军军官学校

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1　International　students　can　attend　every　college　in　the　nation，　only　if　it　offers　military　education.

2　Americans　who　attend　these　4year　colleges　must　serve　at　least　4　years　of　active　duty.

3　International　candidates　who　are　applying　for　military　academies　under　the　Defense　Department　are　nominated　by　their　home　governments，　and　the　U.S.　government　will　pay　for　their　education.

4　The　Defense　Department　chooses　more　than　100　countries　every　year　and　invites　them　to　nominate　students　to　the　academies.

5　The　Coast　Guard　Academy　can　have　30　international　students　at　any　one　time;　the　Merchant　Marine　Academy，　35.

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

1　（1）　for　these　academies　under　the　Defense　Department　must　be　17　to　23　yearold，　unmarried　and　with　no　children.　（2）　are　usually　nominated　by　members　of　（3）　Congress.　（4）　candidates　are　nominated　by　their　home　governments.　Each　government　has　its　own　（5）　for　military　（6）　after　students　graduate.

2　International　students　can　also　attend　the　Coast　Guard　Academy.　These　schools　have　their　own　（1）　requirements.　The　Coast　Guard　Academy　says　interested　students　should　（2）　the　defense　attach　at　their　local　United　States　（3）　.　Foreign　students　interested　in　the　Merchant　Marine　Academy　must　request　（4）　forms　directly　from　the　（5）　office.

Task　3Roleplaying　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Work　in　groups　to　discuss　the　topic　of　“Requirements　for　Applying　for　U.S.　Military　Colleges.”　After　that，　each　of　you　will　be　given　a　chance　to　make　a　presentation　on　your　opinions　about　“What　Are　the　Differences　Between　the　Requirements　for　Overseas　Cadets　in　China　and　the　U.S.?”

Video　Watching

Words　&　Expressions

aviation／even／　n.　航空，飞行术

extraordinary／kstrdnr／　adj.　非凡的，特别的

persistent／psstnt／　adj.　固执的，坚持的

sacrifice／skrfas／　v.　牺牲

Proper　Names

Bachelor　of　Science　degree　理学学士

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1　What　is　the　purpose　of　West　Point　education?

2　What　can　we　learn　from　West　Point　classes?

3　What　will　the　cadets　do　after　the　graduation　from　West　Point?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1　You　train　mentally，　and　you　train　physically，　the　demands　are　intense　and　the　pain　is　（1）　.　The　（2）　are　real，　but　the　（3）　are　greater.　Every　West　Point　cadet　develops　a　（4）　spirit，　that　spirit　is　called　upon　in　every　cadet　（5）　，　especially　on　the　athletic　fields.

2　Everyone　（1）　in　athletics　with　a　（2）　benefit　of　honing　your　body，　your　reflexes　and　your　（3）　skills，　while　experiencing　first　hand，　the　power　of　（4）　，　so　（5）　to　your　role　as　the　United　States　Army　officer.

3　Some　high　school　students　were　（1）　for　just　a　college　education，　but　you　can　choose　to　live　an　（2）　life.　If　you　think　your　personal　（3）　can　lead　you　to　the　Long　Gray　Line，　you　will　stand　beside　Rhodes　Scholars，　（4）　，　CEOs，　（5）　，　presidents　and　generals.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work）

Directions：　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

mission

extraordinary　life

athletic　field

teamwork

leadership

personal　trait

graduate

commitment

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

West　Point

Renowned　as　the　worlds　premier　leader　development　institution，　West　Point　accomplishes　its　mission　by　developing　cadets　intellectually，　physically，　militarily，　ethically，　spiritually　and　socially.　The　student　body，　or　Corps　of　Cadets，　numbers　4，400　and　each　year　approximately　1，000　cadets　join　the　Long　Gray　Line　as　they　graduate　and　are　commissioned　as　a　second　lieutenant　in　the　U.S.　Army.

Recent　acknowledgments　of　our　success　include　Forbes.com　pronouncing　West　Point　as　the　Best　Public　College　or　University　in　America　for　undergraduate　education，　U.S.　News　and　World　Report　calling　us　the　Best　Public　Liberal　Arts　College　in　the　country，　and　the　Princeton　Review　designating　the　academy　as　one　of　the　100　Best　Value　Colleges　for　2009.

The　academic　program　consists　of　26　core　courses　which　establish　the　foundation　for　elective　courses　that　permit　cadets　to　explore　in　greater　depth　more　than　40　majors.　All　cadets　receive　a　Bachelor　of　Science　degree，　and　are　fully　prepared　to　meet　the　intellectual　requirements　of　a　leader　in　todays　army.

The　physical　program　at　West　Point　includes　both　physical　education　classes　and　competitive　athletics.　Every　cadet　participates　in　an　intercollegiate　club　or　intramural　level　sport　each　semester.　This　rigorous　physical　program　contributes　to　mental　and　physical　fitness.

The　military　program　begins　on　your　first　day　at　West　Point.　Most　military　training　takes　place　during　the　summer，　with　new　cadets　undergoing　Cadet　Basic　Training—or　Beast　Barracks—the　first　year，　followed　by　Cadet　Field　Training　at　nearby　Camp　Buckner　the　second　year.　Cadets　spend　their　third　and　fourth　summers　serving　in　active　army　units　around　the　world;　attending　advanced　training　courses　such　as　airborne，　air　assault　or　northern　warfare;　or　training　the　first　and　second　year　cadets　as　members　of　the　leadership　cadre.

Ethical，　spiritual　and　social　development　occurs　formally　and　informally　throughout　the　47month　program　as　a　cadet.　These　include　formal　instruction　about　the　important　values　of　the　military　profession，　voluntary　religious　programs，　interaction　with　staff　and　faculty　role　models，　and　a　vigorous　guest　speaker　program.　Cadets　also　develop　ethically　by　adhering　to　the　Cadet　Honour　Code，　which　states　“A　cadet　will　not　lie，　cheat，　steal，　or　tolerate　those　who　do.”

Admission　is　open　to　all　young　men　and　women，　and　is　extremely　competitive.　You　will　be　evaluated　on　your　academic，　physical　and　leadership　potential.　Those　candidates　who　are　fully　qualified　receive　appointments　to　the　academy.

The　life　of　a　cadet　is　demanding，　but　West　Point　has　the　most　robust　extracurricular　activity　program　in　the　nation.　In　fact，　the　Princeton　Review　ranked　West　Point　No.3　in　the　nation　in　the　category　“More　to　Do　on　Campus.”　Oncampus　facilities　include　a　ski　slope，　skating　rink　and　golf　course.　Clubs　include　DJ　club，　orienteering，　rock　climbing　and　Big　Brother—Big　Sister.　Cadets　also　get　opportunities　such　as　singing　backup　for　Billy　Joel　as　12　cadets　did　at　his　last　concerts　at　Shea　Stadium，　and　holding　the　American　flag　and　staying　for　the　game　as　75　cadets　did　at　the　final　Major　League　Baseball　AllStar　Game　at　Yankee　Stadium.

Guided　by　its　timeless　motto.　“Duty，　Honour，　Country，”　West　Point　continues　to　prepare　its　graduates　to　serve　as　commissioned　leaders　of　character　in　Americas　21st　century　army.

Words　&　Expressions

air　assault　空袭，空中突出

approximately／prksmtlｉ／　adv.　大约

barrack／brk／　n.　营房，军营

extracurricular　／ekstrkrkjl／　adj.　课外的,　业余的

faculty／fkltｉ／　n.　教员

golf　course　高尔夫球场

lieutenant／lutennt／　n.　（美海）上尉，（英陆）中尉

orienteering　／rntr／　定向越野

second　lieutenant　（美陆）少尉

singing　back　up　伴唱

skating　rink　溜冰场

ski　shope　滑雪场

Proper　Names

Academic　Program文化课程

Beast　Barracks兽营（即巴克纳训练营）

Big　Brother—Big　Sister学哥学姐俱乐部

Billy　Joel比利·乔尔（美国歌手）

Cadet　Basic　Training学员基础训练

Cadet　Field　Training学员野外训练

Cadet　Honour　Code（西点军校）学员荣誉准则

Camp　Buckner（西点军校）巴克纳训练营

DJ　clubDJ　俱乐部（指流行音乐节目主持人俱乐部）

Long　Gray　Line灰色长队（指西点军校学员）

Major　League　Baseball　All-Star　Game美国职业棒球联赛全明星赛

Military　Program军事课程

Physical　Program体育课程

Princeton［美］普林斯顿大学

Princeton　Review《普林斯顿评论》（美国一大学排名机构）

U.S.　News　and　World　Report《美国新闻与世界报道》（新闻周刊名）

Yankee　Stadium洋基球场

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions：　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner.

1　What　are　the　three　aspects　of　the　Military　Program?

2　What　is　the　Cadet　Honour　Code　about?

3　What　is　the　motto　of　West　Point?

Task　2Retelling

Directions：　Work　in　groups　to　discuss　the　topic　of　“The　Motto　for　Cadets　in　West　Point.”　After　that，　each　of　you　will　be　given　a　chance　to　make　a　presentation　on　your　opinions　about　“The　Motto　of　Your　University　or　College.”

Unit　SevenMilitary　Intelligence

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

accountable/kantbl/　adj.　（对自己的决定、行为）负有责任的，有说明义务的

be　subject　to　受……支配，服从于

dedicated/dedＩkeＩtＩd/　adj.　专注的，投入的

democracy/dＩmkrsi/　n.　民主，民主国家

foremost　/ｆｍuｓｔ/　adj.　最重要的

nuclear　proliferation　核武器扩散

SIS　（Secret　Intelligence　Service）　秘密情报局（［英］军情六处，代号为MI6）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Work　in　pairs　and　discuss　the　following　questions　with　the　help　of　the　pictures　above.

1.　Do　you　know　the　man　in　the　first　picture?　Have　you　ever　seen　the　movie　series　about　him?　If　yes,　please　say　something　about　him　or　tell　a　story　of　him　to　your　partner.

2.　Which　agency　does　he　work　for?

3.　How　much　do　you　know　about　this　agency?

Task　2Questions　and　Answers

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1.　Where　do　SIS　agents　usually　work?

2.　For　whom　does　SIS　work　according　to　the　video　clip?

3.　What　is　the　ultimate　goal　of　SIS　according　to　the　video　clip?

Task　3Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

1.　We　obtain　secret　foreign　（1）　to　inform　government　decisions.　We　disrupt　（2）　and　nuclear　proliferation，　and　our　intelligence　helps　to　prevent　and　resolve　（3）　.　We　work　with　our　overseas　agents，　contacts　and　partner　services　to　shape　（4）　and　project　the　UKs　influence.

2.　SIS　is　part　of　the　UKs　intelligence　community　and　we　work　closely　with　the　government.　The　secrecy　of　our　（1）　，　and　the　（2）　of　those　who　work　with　us，　is　our　foremost　（3）　.　Equally，　our　work　is　overseen　by　Ministers　and　Parliament，　and　is　subject　to　UK　（4）　.

3.　We　work　within　the　ethical　（1）　of　a　modern　democracy;　accountable　to　government　and　reflecting　the　（2）　of　British　society.

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

Military　Intelligence—The　Satellite　Era

Wars　and　battles，　Vietnam　to　present　day

1When　asked　about　intelligence　gathering　in　the　United　States，　people　usually　think　of　the　Central　Intelligence　Agency（CIA）［1］.　Those　more　knowledgeable　about　activities　in　this　area　might　name　also　the　Defense　Intelligence　Agency（DIA）［2］，　the　National　Security　Agency（NSA）［3］　and　the　National　Reconnaissance　Office（NRO）［4］.　In　fact，　there　is　a　wide　array　of　entities，　including　many　government　agencies，　that　together　make　up　what　is　termed　the　“intelligence　community.”

2In　1961，　the　United　States　first　orbited　its　Satellite　and　Missile　Observation　System［5］，　a　photographic　reconnaissance　satellite　apparently　designed　for　the　express　purpose　of　locating　and　monitoring　Soviet　intercontinental　ballistic　missile　sites.　Since　then，　the　United　States　and　other　nations　have　launched　photoreconnaissance　satellites　on　a　regular　basis.　Other　reconnaissance　satellites　include　“ferrets,”　which　eavesdrop　on　electronic　signals　undetectable　from　ground　stations，　and　satellites　that　identify　missile　launches　through　infrared　sensing.

Intelligence　during　the　Vietnam　War

3Most　military　historians　say　that　there　was　far　from　a　lack　of　intelligence　during　the　Vietnam　War.　On　the　contrary，　they　feel　that　there　was　too　much　information，　and　too　few　people　who　knew　what　it　meant　and　how　to　use　it.

4By　1966，　a　great　amount　of　intelligence　information　was　reaching　analysts　concerned　with　Vietnam，　Laos　and　Cambodia.　So　much　information，　in　fact，　that　it　was　a　challenge　to　separate　the　wheat　from　the　chaff，　to　wade　through　mountains　of　information　for　the　wheat　germ.

5The　problems　the　military　intelligence　community　faced　in　Southeast　Asia　were　overwhelming.　There　were　no　satellites，　and　communications　intelligence　was　often　limited　by　the　terrain　in　Vietnam　and　the　low　power　of　the　enemys　transmitters.

6The　United　States　inflicted　far　more　casualties　than　it　suffered　in　Vietnam，　and　it　practically　never　lost　a　conventional　battle，　but　despite　this，　victory　was　never　particularly　close.　One　reason　for　this　was　the　extraordinary　tenacity　of　the　other　side，　which　lost　a　multitude　of　soldiers，　but　kept　on　fighting.　Another　reason　is　that　the　other　side　better　understood　the　nature　of　intelligence　war，　in　which　information，　political　organization，　the　ability　to　hide　and　selective　strikes　are　the　factors　that　matter　most.

7The　SIGINT（signal　intelligence）　war　in　Vietnam　included　the　interception　of　North　Vietnamese　radio　traffic，　which　clearly　indicated　Hanois　control　of　the　war　in　the　South.　The　North　Vietnamese，　however，　had　been　running　a　huge　SIGINT　operation　against　the　United　States，　with　as　many　as　5，000　intercept　operators　listening　in　on　American　communications.

8Many　key　decisions　on　the　Vietnam　War　occurred　during　President　Lyndon　B.　Johnsons　first　two　years　in　the　White　House，　among　them　the　decision　to　pursue　covert　operations　against　North　Vietnam，　to　send　American　combat　troops　to　South　Vietnam，　to　intervene　on　a　massive　scale　with　ground　forces，　as　well　as　the　decision　to　initiate　a　bombing　campaign　against　North　Vietnam.

Intelligence　during　the　Persian　Gulf　War（Operation　Desert　Storm）

9The　Persian　Gulf　War　began　in　August,　1990，　when　Iraqi　forces　invaded　and　occupied　Kuwait.　In　November,　1990，　President　George　H.　W.　Bush　announced　a　military　buildup　to　provide　an　offensive　option　named　“Operation　Desert　Storm”　to　force　Iraq　out　of　Kuwait.　Preparation　for　the　operation　took　two　and　a　half　months，　and　involved　a　massive　air　and　sea　lift.　In　January,　1991，　the　U.S.　Congress　voted　to　support　the　use　of　all　necessary　means　if　Iraq　did　not　withdraw　from　Kuwait　by　January　15.　The　United　States　worked　to　establish　a　broadbased　international　coalition　to　confront　Iraq.　President　Bush　waited　two　days　after　the　deadline　for　Iraqi　withdrawal　from　Kuwait　before　ordering　the　coalition　to　begin　action　against　Iraq.　Baghdad　was　bombed　fiercely　by　the　coalitions　fighter　airplanes　in　the　first　night　of　the　war.　What　was　unknown　to　them　was　that　several　weeks　prior　to　that，　U.S.　intelligence　agentssuccessfully　inserted　a　computer　virus　into　Iraqs　military　computers.　That　virus　was　designed　to　disable　much　of　Baghdads　airdefense　system.

March　10,　1991:　Iraqi　Intelligence　Service　Headquarters.

Coalition　policy　was　to　avoid　collateral　damage　and　civilian　casualties.

According　to　postwar　intelligence　assessments,　the　use　of　precision

weaponry　resulted　in　little　or　no　damage　to　adjacent　buildings　when　targets

such　as　the　Iraqi　Intelligence　Service　headquarters　in　Baghdad　were　hit.

10Operation　Desert　Storm　employed　a　wide　variety　of　new　space　and　intelligence　assets　to　ease　mission　planning，　command　and　control　the　air　war，　provide　realtime　identification　of　ground　targets　for　aircraft，　and　assure　that　the　coalition　gained　and　maintained　the　initiative.

11Tactical　digital　facsimile　was　critical　to　crews　and　commanders　during　Desert　Storm.　It　provided　the　capability　to　send　high　resolution　pictures　and　other　data，　which　proved　to　be　secure，　reliable　and　vital　to　combat　success.　Tactical　digital　facsimile　was　todays　telephone　to　the　modern　battlefield　commander.

12Almost　every　aspect　of　naval　command　and　control　communications　capability　was　stressed　to　the　limit　during　Desert　Storm.　The　volume　of　communications　traffic，　as　well　as　a　large　percentage　of　the　message　traffic，　presented　a　communications　challenge　of　previously　unimagined　proportions.　Portable　communications　vans　and　highspeed　modems　stood　out　among　the　many　systems　that　contributed　to　success.

13The　conflict　culminated　in　fighting　in　January　and　February,　1991,　between　Iraq　and　an　international　coalition　of　forces　led　by　the　United　States.　By　the　end　of　the　war，　the　coalition　had　driven　the　Iraqis　from　Kuwait.

Intelligence　today

14The　United　States　intelligence　community　consists　of　15　components.　The　principal　agency　for　intelligence　activities　and　covert　operations　abroad　is　the　Central　Intelligence　Agency，　or　CIA.　Until　recently，　the　Director　of　Central　Intelligence（DCI）［6］　oversaw　all　U.S.　intelligence，　and　served　as　the　principal　intelligence　adviser　to　the　president，　in　addition　to　serving　as　head　of　the　CIA.

The　new　director　of　national　intelligence　will　be　charged　with　the　overall　control　and　coordination　of　15　government　agencies　involved　in　espionage.

15In　December，　2004，　as　a　result　of　recommendations　in　the　report　by　the　HouseSenate　Intelligence　Committee　investigating　the　9/11　terrorist　attacks，　Congress　passed　the　National　Intelligence　Reform　Act，　creating　a　cabinetlevel　post　of　Director　of　National　Intelligence　as　a　new　layer　of　authority　over　all　U.S.　intelligence（including　the　CIA），　establishing　a　counterterrorism　center，　and　attempting　to　enhance　communication　among　the　various　branches　and　agencies　of　the　government.　As　a　result　of　the　Act，　the　director　of　the　CIA　will　now　be　responsible　for　that　agency　alone.

16The　National　Security　Agency（NSA），　established　in　1952　by　President　Truman，　is　responsible　for　collecting　signals　intelligence（SIGINT）　from　all　over　the　world　and　for　overseeing　American　secret　communications.　Some　sources　suggest　that　there　is　a　third　highly　secret　national　intelligence　agency　responsible　for　satellite　surveillance.　Other　members　of　the　American　intelligence　community　include，　among　others，　the　Defense　Intelligence　Agency，　which　provides　military　intelligence　to　the　Department　of　Defense，　and　the　Federal　Bureau　of　Investigations，　which　provides　counterintelligence　activities　within　the　United　States.

17Together，　the　15　U.S.　intelligence　entities　provide　a　broad　range　of　support.　They　advise　defense　policymakers　on　political　and　military　matters，　major　acquisitions　and　force　planning.　They　provide　threat　predictions　that　guide　the　military　services　in　how　best　to　“organize，　train　and　equip”　their　forces，　and　warn　of　potential　crises.　Finally，　they　support　the　employment　of　the　armed　forces　across　a　broad　range　of　operations，　from　disaster　relief，　to　peacekeeping，　to　combat　operations.　The　principal　consumers　of　such　information　are　U.S.　combat　forces，　the　military　departments，　the　secretary　of　defense，　and　the　president，　but　others　responsible　for　foreign　policymaking　often　have　need　for　such　information　as　well.

18Collecting　intelligence　through　human　sources（HUMINT）　has　been　undertaken　by　elements　of　military　intelligence　throughout　its　history.　Recently，　military　HUMINT　activities　have　included　intelligencegathering　by　military　personnel，　collection　by　special　elements　in　advance　of　the　deployment　of　U.S.　military　forces，　and　the　recruitment　of　human　sources　by　military　personnel.

In　the　aftermath　of　the　Septernber　11,　2001　terrorist　attacks　on　New　York　Citys　World　Trade　Center,　buildings　and　debris　smolder　at　Ground　Zero.

19The　NSAs　main　building　contains　about　1.9　million　square　feet　of　floor　space.　It　has　employed　more　than　90，000　people，　classifies　about　50　million　to　100　million　documents　a　year，　and　has　an　annual　budget　of　approximately　10　billion.　The　NSA　is　the　biggest　employer　of　mathematicians　in　the　United　States.　The　NSA　handles　code　making，　breaking　and　protecting，　and　also　is　responsible　for　collecting　and　analyzing　COMINT，　SIGINT　and　ELINT（electronics　intelligence）.

20Some　have　said　that　the　terrorist　attack　on　America—September　11，　2001—was　the　single　greatest　failure　of　American　intelligence　since　Pearl　Harbor.　The　attack　on　the　World　Trade　Center　killed　several　thousand　people，　destroyed　billions　of　dollars　worth　of　property，　pushed　the　United　States　into　recession，　cast　the　nation　into　a　foreign　war，　precipitated　a　political　crisis　throughout　the　Middle　East，　and　shattered　the　confidence　of　American　citizens.

21The　2003　invasion　and　occupation　of　Iraq　by　the　United　States　was　the　result　of　what　is　probably　the　most　obvious　case　of　the　misreading　of　secret　intelligence　information　in　American　history.　The　George　W.　Bush　administration　made　three　interlocking　claims:

Iraq　was　actively　developing　weapons　of　mass　destruction，　including　nuclear　bombs;

Iraq　had　a　secret　working　relationship　with　Osama　bin　Ladens　alQaeda　terrorist　network;　and　the　danger　that　Saddam　Hussein　would　provide　terrorists　with　weapons　of　mass　destruction　was　so　grave　that　it　amounted　to　an　imminent　threat.

22To　counter　those　claims　would　require　access　to　the　same　secret　intelligence　information　provided　to　the　president.

23President　Bush　and　other　high　administration　officials　would　now　routinely　speak　of　the　worldwide　hunt　for　alQaeda　and　the　fighting　in　Iraq　interchangeably　as　“the　war　against　terror.”

24While　no　weapons　of　mass　destruction　had　been　found　by　May　of　2005，　the　illusion　remains　that　the　“war　against　terror”　brought　the　promise　of　democracy　to　the　Middle　East.　The　war　led　to　the　overthrow　and　capture　of　Saddam　Hussein，　popular　elections　in　Iraq，　as　well　as　the　defeat　of　the　Taliban　in　Afghanistan—all　crucial　to　socalled　democracy.

（1,560　words）

NOTES

［1］　Central　Intelligence　Agency(CIA)［美］中央情报局CIA　is　an　independent　agency　of　the　United　States　government　and　responsible　for　collecting　and　coordinating　intelligence　and　counterintelligence　activities　abroad　in　the　national　interest.

［2］　Defense　Intelligence　Agency(DIA)［美］国防情报局DIA　is　an　intelligence　agency　of　the　United　States　in　the　Department　of　Defense　and　responsible　for　providing　intelligence　in　support　of　military　planning　and　operations　and　weapons　acquisition.

［3］　National　Security　Agency(NSA)［美］国家安全局NSA　is　an　United　States　cryptoorganization　that　coordinates　and　directs　highly　specialized　activities　to　protect　United　States　information　systems　and　produce　foreign　intelligence　information.

［4］　National　Reconnaissance　Office(NRO)［美］国家侦察局NRO　is　an　intelligence　agency　in　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense　that　designs,　builds　and　operates　space　reconnaissance　systems　to　detect　trouble　spots　worldwide,　monitor　arms　control　agreements　and　environmental　issues,　and　help　plan　military　operations.

［5］　Satellite　and　Missile　Observation　System卫星与导弹观测系统The　Satellite　and　Missile　Observation　System　program　was　a　relatively　shortlived　series　of　reconnaissance　for　the　United　States　in　the　early　1960s.　Reconnaissance　was　performed　with　film　cameras　and　television　surveillance　from　polar　low　Earth　orbits　with　film　canister　returns　and　transmittals　over　the　United　States.　It　was　first　launched　in　1960,　but　not　operational　until　1963　and　all　were　launched　from　Vandenberg　Air　Force　Base.

［6］　Director　of　Central　Intelligence(DCI)中央情报局局长DCI　is　the　head　of　the　United　States　Intelligence　Community　and　director　of　the　Central　Intelligence　Agency.

MILITARY　TERMS

air　and　sea　lift　空中和海上运输

conventional　battle　常规战

counterintelligence/kantＩntelＩdns/　n.　反情报，反间谍

eavesdrop/ivzdrp/　vi.　窃听

infrared　sensing　红外遥感

intelligence　agent　情报人员；间谍

intelligence　gathering　情报搜集

intelligence　war　情报战

intercept　operator　技侦人员

interception/Ｉntsepn/　n.　侦听，窃听

intercontinental　ballistic　missile　洲际弹道导弹

international　coalition　of　forces　多国联合部队

portable　communications　van　移动通信车

tactical　digital　facsimile　战术数字传真

NEW　WORDS

covert/kvt/　adj.　secret　or　hidden　隐蔽的，隐秘的

culminate/klmＩneＩt/　v.　end，　especially　to　reach　a　final　or　climactic　stage　达到极点

express/Ｉkspres/　not　tacit　or　implied　明确的

germ/dm/　n.　the　earliest　form　of　an　organism;　a　seed,　bud,　or　spore　胚，幼芽

inflict/ＩnflＩkt/　vt.　impose　something　unpleasant　使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）

interlocking/ＩntlkＩ/　adj.　linked　or　locked　closely　together　by　hooking　连锁的

knowledgeable/nlＩdbl/　adj.　highly　educated;　having　extensive　information　or　understanding　知识渊博的，有知识的

modem/mdem/　n.　electronic　equipment　consisting　of　a　device　used　to　connect　computers　by　a　telephone　line　调制解调器

orbit/bＩt/　vt.　move　in　an　orbit　绕轨道而行

oversee/vsi/　vt.　watch　and　direct　监督

overthrow/vr/　vt.　bring　about　the　downfall　or　destruction　of,　especially　by　force　or　concerted　action　推翻

photographic/ftrfＩk/　adj.　relating　to　photography　or　obtained　by　using　photography　照相的，摄影的

precipitate/prＩsＩpＩteＩt/　v.　bring　about　abruptly　使陷入

resolution/rezlun/　n.　the　fineness　of　detail　that　can　be　distinguished　in　an　image,　as　on　a　video　display　terminal　分辨率

shatter/t/　vt.　cause　to　break　or　burst　suddenly　into　pieces　粉碎

tenacity/tnsti/　n.　persistent　determination　韧性，固执，不屈不挠

traffic/trＩk/　n.　the　amount　of　activity　over　a　communication　system　during　a　given　period　of　time　［通信］通信量

transmitter/trnsmＩt/　n.　an　electronic　device　that　generates　and　amplifies　a　carrier　wave,　modulates　it　with　a　meaningful　signal　derived　from　speech　or　other　sources,　and　radiates　the　resulting　signal　from　an　antenna　［电讯］发射机，［通信］发报机

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　amount　toadd　up　in　number　or　quantity　相当于，总计为

2.　a　multitude　ofa　very　great　number　of　大量

3.　an　array　ofan　impressively　large　number，　as　of　persons　or　objects　众多，许多

4.　contribute　tohelp　bring　about　a　result;　act　as　a　factor　有助于

5.　eavesdrop　onlisten　to　someones　private　conversation　without　them　knowing　窃听

6.　far　fromusually　used　to　show　that　a　result　of　action　was　not　expected　or　wanted　远非，完全不

7.　listen　in　onlisten　without　the　speakers　knowledge　偷听

8.　separate　the　wheat　from　the　chaffseparate　what　is　useful　or　valuable　from　what　is　worthless　去芜存菁

9.　stand　outbe　highly　noticeable　突出

10.　wade　throughpave　the　way　with　a　required　effort，　advance　in　an　awkward　manner　费力地做完，艰难地通过

PROPER　NAMES

Baghdad/bgdd/　巴格达（伊拉克首都）

COMINT　通信情报

ELINT　电子情报

George　H.　W.　Bush　乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什（美国第41任总统，俗称老布什总统）

Hanoi/hni/　n.　河内（越南首都）

House—Senate　Intelligence　Committee　［美］两院情报委员会

HUMINT　人工情报

Kuwait/kuweit/　科威特（海湾国家，首都科威特城）

Laos/lauz/　n.　老挝

Lyndon　B.　Johnson　林顿·贝恩斯·约翰逊（美国第36任总统）

National　Intelligence　Reform　Act　国家情报改革法案

North　Vietnamese　北越

Operation　Desert　Storm　沙漠风暴行动

Saddam　Hussein　萨达姆·侯赛因（伊拉克前总统）

SIGINT　信号情报

Taliban　塔利班（阿富汗学生武装组织)

the　Vietnam　War　越南战争

Truman/trumn/　杜鲁门（美国第33任总统）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions:　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1.　What　entities　does　“intelligence　community”　in　U.S.A.　include?

2.　What　were　the　problems　the　military　intelligence　community　faced　in　Southeast　Asia　during　the　Vietnam　War?

3.　Why　was　tactical　digital　facsimile　crucial　to　crews　and　commanders　during　Desert　Storm?

4.　What　support　do　the　15　U.S.　intelligence　entities　provide　today?

5.　Why　did　some　people　say　the　terrorist　attack　on　America—September　11，　2001—was　the　single　greatest　failure　of　American　intelligence　since　Pearl　Harbor?

Section　B

Directions:　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　“Ferrets”　can　eavesdrop　on　electronic　signals　undetectable　from　ground　stations.

2.　During　the　Vietnam　War，　there　was　a　shortage　of　intelligence.

3.　The　North　Vietnamese　started　to　run　SIGINT　operation　against　the　United　States　during　the　Vietnam　War.

4.　Baghdads　air　defense　system　was　destroyed　by　the　virus　inserted　into　its　military　computers.

5.　The　Director　of　Central　Intelligence　has　been　overseeing　all　U.S.　intelligence　for　decades.

6.　The　Defense　Intelligence　Agency　is　responsible　for　collecting　signal　intelligence　and　overseeing　American　secret　communications.

7.　Today　the　15　U.S.　intelligence　entities　also　provide　large　amounts　of　information　for　foreign　policymakers.

8.　The　weapons　of　mass　destruction　had　been　found　in　Iraq　by　May　of　2005.

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

culminatetenacityprecipitateinterlocking

inflictknowledgeablephotographiccovert

1.　The　Israeli　military　spokespersons　office　has　issued　evidence　in　a　blog　post　titled　“Flotilla　Ⅱ　Seeks　Provocation，　Poses　Threat　to　Israel.”

2.　The　Taliban　and　their　terrorist　allies　intentionally　harm　upon　the　civilian　populations　inside　Afghanistan.

3.　It　was　with　purpose　and　focus，　agility　and　talent，　and　courage，　celebration　and　mourning　that　our　forces　moved　forward.

4.　The　service　supported　about　4，800　combat　actions，　including　operations，　humanitarian　airlifts　and　medical　evacuations.

5.　President　Putin　has　invited　more　than　50　world　leaders　to　attend　the　festivities　in　Moscow，　which　will　with　a　military　parade　on　Red　Square　Monday，　featuring　2，500　war　veterans，　as　well　as　SovietEra　tanks　and　trucks.

6.　The　assassination　of　the　ambassador　the　country　into　war.

7.　Like　threads　in　a　great　tapestry(织锦），　no　one　really　knows　where　the　militarys　preserve　begins　and　where　it　ends.

8.　In　order　for　the　operational　leader　to　become　successful　in　the　use　of　joint　military　forces，　he　must　be　in　certain　key　operational　leadership　skills.

Section　B

Directions:　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text　with　the　help　of　the　Chinese　given　in　the　brackets.

1.　U.S.　Army　soldiers　a　small　creek　while　conducting　a　dismounted　patrol　in　the　village　of　Babus　in　PoleElam　district，　Afghanistan.　（艰难地通过）

2.　heroic　figures　emerge　in　World　War　Ⅱ.　（大量）

3.　The　Japanese　casualties　around　9，000　killed　or　wounded.　（总计为）

4.　Children　with　deployed　parents　may　as　they　deal　with　the　anxiety　and　loss　associated　with　separation　from　a　loved　one.　（突出）

5.　We　believed　that　the　treaty　will　not　only　benefit　the　two　countries　and　peoples　but　also　world　peace，　stability　and　development.　（有助于）

6.　The　21st　century　will　require　the　United　States　to　maintain　forces　that　can　consistently　win　across　the　full　spectrum　of　military　operations　on　a　global　scale.　（众多，许多）

7.　Bush　said　he　made　the　move　to　allow　the　National　Security　Agency　to　on　calls　to　terrorists　as　a　means　of　protecting　the　American　people.　（偷听）

Ⅲ.　Reading　Practice

Directions:　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

The　Federal　Bureau　of　Investigation　is　the　main　investigating　agency　of　the　United　States　Department　of　Justice.　The　Justice　Department　recently　announced　new　measures　to　help　the　FBI　fight　terrorism.　For　many　years，　FBI　agents　investigated　threats　to　national　security.　Now，　however，　FBI　Director　Robert　S.　Mueller　has　told　Congress　that　the　Bureaus　main　responsibility　must　be　to　protect　the　United　States　from　terrorist　attacks.

The　Justice　Department　recently　announced　a　major　reorganization　of　the　FBI.　The　size　of　the　agency　will　be　increased.　FBI　agents　also　will　have　new　powers　to　investigate　inside　the　United　States.　Most　of　the　reforms　are　to　improve　the　FBIs　ability　to　gather　and　study　intelligence　information　about　terrorists　planning　attacks　on　the　United　States.　The　changes　are　in　reaction　to　recent　criticism　of　the　FBI.　Many　people　have　questioned　its　actions　in　relation　to　the　terrorist　attacks　on　the　United　States　September　11,　2001.　Robert　Mueller　became　FBI　director　shortly　before　the　terrorist　attacks.　He　has　said　he　agrees　with　some　recent　criticisms　of　agency　actions.　Mr.　Mueller　and　Justice　Department　officials　say　the　new　rules　will　greatly　improve　FBI　performance.　For　example，　commanders　at　agency　offices　will　now　be　able　to　order　investigations　that　are　limited　in　time.　In　the　past，　they　needed　permission　from　FBI　headquarters　to　do　this.　The　commanders　also　can　start　limited　investigations　when　no　crime　has　taken　place.　Evidence　gathered　during　this　time　could　help　launch　extended　investigations.　In　addition，　agents　will　be　able　to　gather　information　from　the　Internet　computer　system　and　from　libraries.　They　will　be　able　to　collect　information　about　religious　and　political　organizations.　And　agents　will　be　able　to　observe　activities　in　public　places，　including　religious　centers.

The　FBI　investigates　more　than　250　kinds　of　federal　crimes　in　addition　to　terrorism.　These　include　kidnapping，　hijacking　and　organized　crime.　It　provides　evidence　in　legal　actions　involving　the　federal　government.　The　agency　searches　for　fleeing　criminals　when　asked　by　state　and　local　officials.　About　27，000　men　and　women　serve　in　the　FBI.　They　work　in　more　than　50　offices　in　the　United　States　and　in　several　offices　in　other　countries.　FBI　agents　investigate　many　kinds　of　crimes　including　bank　robberies，　spying　and　crimes　involving　computers.　Over　the　years，　the　FBI　has　been　praised　for　a　number　of　major　investigations.　For　example，　agents　helped　catch　the　men　who　first　attacked　the　World　Trade　Center　in　1993.　The　FBI　also　found　the　bomber　of　the　Alfred　P.　Murrah　Federal　Building　in　Oklahoma　City，　Oklahoma，　in　1995.

People　can　learn　about　the　modern　FBI　by　visiting　its　headquarters　in　Washington，　D.C.　But　first，　they　must　call　the　agency　to　make　an　appointment.　The　huge　FBI　building　is　on　Pennsylvania　Avenue，　not　far　from　the　White　House.　Visitors　can　see　equipment　used　to　examine　many　substances，　including　blood，　hair　and　clothing.　They　can　see　where　scientists　examine　genetic　material　from　crime　victims　and　suspects.　They　can　learn　about　the　famous　FBI　fingerprint　and　gun　collections.　Visitors　can　see　stolen　goods　taken　from　criminals.　They　can　see　pictures　of　people　on　the　FBI　list　of　the　Ten　Most　Wanted　Fugitives.　Many　criminals　have　been　caught　because　of　the　Most　Wanted　list.　Visitors　also　can　learn　how　the　agency　helps　foreign　lawenforcement　agencies　throughout　the　world.　The　Federal　Bureau　of　Investigation　has　been　severely　criticized　in　recent　months.　Still，　it　remains　one　of　Americas　main　defenses　against　crime　and　terrorism.

1.　According　to　Robert　S.　Mueller，　is　FBIs　main　responsibility　now.

（A）　investigating　threats　to　national　security

（B）　protecting　the　United　States　from　terrorist　attacks

（C）　gathering　information　from　the　Internet　computer　system　and　from　libraries

（D）　observing　activities　in　public　places

2.　After　the　reform　of　FBI,　.

（A)　the　commanders　wont　need　permission　from　headquarters　to　order　investigation　that　limited　in　time

（B)　the　commanders　cant　start　limited　investigations　when　no　crimes　has　occurred

（C)　the　agents　cant　collect　information　about　religious　and　political　organizations

（D)　the　agents　cant　observe　activities　in　public　places

3.　The　FBI　investigates　more　than　250　kinds　of　federal　crimes　EXCEPT　.

（A）　kidnapping

（B）　hijacking

（C）　organized　crime

（D）　piracy

4.　Which　statement　is　NOT　true?

（A)　The　FBIs　headquarters　is　located　in　Washington,　D.C.

（B)　The　visitors　can　learn　about　the　modern　FBI　by　visiting　its　headquarters.

（C)　The　FBIs　headquarters　is　near　to　the　White　House.

（D)　People　can　visit　FBIs　headquarters　anytime　they　like.

5.　What　can　we　infer　from　the　passage?

（A）　FBI　is　one　of　major　defenses　against　crime　in　United　States　despite　recent　criticisms.

（B）　FBI　commanders　can　start　limited　investigations　when　no　crime　has　taken　place　in　the　past.

（C）　FBI　has　been　criticized　for　a　number　of　major　investigations.

（D）　Robert　Mueller　didnt　agree　with　recent　criticisms　of　FBIs　actions.

Ⅳ.　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese.

Spying　is　a　sophisticated　and　expensive　business　and　gathering　military　intelligence　using　unmanned　aircraft　can　be　prohibitively　so.　Predator　and　Global　Hawk，　two　types　of　American　drone　frequently　flown　in　Afghanistan　and　Iraq，　cost　around　5，000　and　26，500　an　hour　respectively　to　operate.　The　aircraft　themselves　cost　between　4.5m　and　35m　each，　and　the　remotesensing　equipment　they　carry　can　more　than　double　the　price.

Section　B

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English.

美国政府有足够的证据证明圣诞节的坠机事件乃恐怖分子的密谋，但情报部门没有把这些信息联系起来。情报部门从其本身来说是不完美的，但事实越来越清楚地表明：他们没有充分的分析情报或者补充更详尽的信息。这是不可接受的，也是不能容忍的错误。

Ⅴ.　Writing　Practice

Directions:　Write　a　short　essay　entitled　“The　Role　of　Military　Intelligence”　following　the　outline　below.　You　should　finish　the　essay　with　no　less　than　150　words.

1.　军事情报的内涵；

2.　军事情报在经典战役中发挥的作用；

3.　中国如何更好地利用军事情报提升战斗力。

Text　B

U.S.　Defense　Intelligence　Agency　and　Its　Transformation

What　is　military　intelligence?

1Military　intelligence　is　intelligence　on　any　foreign　military　or　militaryrelated　situation　which　is　significant　to　military　policymaking　or　the　planning　and　conduct　of　military　activities.　It　is　the　product　of　gathering　information　about　foreign　military　capabilities，　intentions，　plans，　dispositions　and　equipment;　analyzing　the　contents　of　that　information;　and　disseminating　the　findings　to　decision　makers，　combat　troops，　and　other　recipients.

2Military　intelligence　appears　in　three　basic　forms:　strategic，　operational　and　tactical.　Strategic　intelligence　is　intelligence　that　is　required　for　the　formulation　of　strategy，　policy　and　military　plans　and　operations　at　national　and　theater　levels.　It　involves　a　focus　on　overarching　factors　such　as　foreign　geography，　infrastructure　and　force　planning，　or　longterm　trends　such　as　the　application　of　new　tactics，　techniques，　and　procedures　or　the　development　of　new　resources.　It　is　an　important　tool　in　an　effort　to　anticipate　and　counter　threats　throughout　the　world.

3Operational　intelligence　is　intelligence　that　is　required　for　planning　and　conducting　campaigns　and　major　operations　to　accomplish　strategic　objectives　within　theaters　or　operational　areas.　It　assumes　a　different　approach　with　strategic　intelligence　by　focusing　on　narrower，　but　significant，　theateroriented　military　responsibilities.　Finally，　tactical　intelligence　is　intelligence　that　is　required　for　planning　and　conducting　tactical　military　operations　at　the　local　level.　It　concerns　information　about　the　enemy　that　is　designed　to　help　locate　the　enemy　and　decide　which　tactics，　units　and　weapons　will　most　likely　contribute　to　victory　in　an　assigned　area，　and　when　properly　applied，　it　can　be　a　significant　force　multiplier.

4The　intelligence　process　services　the　need　for　all　three　types　of　intelligence.　The　first　step，　information　gathering，　consists　of　collecting　data　and　making　it　available　for　analysis.　A　common　method　of　information　gathering　is　the　use　of　unclassified　“open　sources”　such　as　foreign　websites，　television，　newspapers，　radio，　or　openly　published　government　studies.　Often，　this　open　source　intelligence　（OSINT)　provides　such　basic　information　as　population　statistics，　military　maneuvers，　and　political，　social，　and　cultural　trends.

5Open　sources　sometimes　do　not　supply　enough　information，　and　other　techniques　are　necessary.　Analysis　of　aerial　imagery　is　one　commonly　employed　method.　A　great　deal　of　information　on　a　nations　infrastructure，　military　bases，　and　even　troop　movements，　can　be　gleaned　from　photo　interpretation　of　detailed，　highaltitude　photography，　also　known　as　IMINT，　or　imagery　intelligence.　Human　intelligence（HUMINT）　involves　the　overt　or　covert　use　of　human　sources　to　gather　information.　Signals　intelligence（SIGINT）　involves　collecting　information　by　listening　to　enemy　radio　broadcasts　and　other　electronic　means　of　communication.　Measurement　and　signature　intelligence（MASINT）　utilizes　technical　means　to　gather　unique　data　other　than　SIGINT　or　IMINT　on　foreign　targets.　All　of　these　disciplines　provide　vital　intelligence　that，　when　properly　analyzed，　can　provide　a　significant　benefit　to　warfighters　and　policymakers.

6The　second　step　of　the　intelligence　process　is　analysis.　Intelligence　analysts　pull　together　information　gathered　from　many　sources　to　produce　allsource，　finished　intelligence　that　involves　local，　national　and　global　issues　that　may　influence　foreign　threats.　They　assess　scientific，　technical，　tactical，　diplomatic，　military，　organizational　or　political　changes　in　combination　with　factors　such　as　geography，　demographics　and　industrial　capabilities.　The　goal　is　to　anticipate　and　respond　to　overseas　dangers　as　well　as　assess　enemy　capabilities，　intentions　and　vulnerabilities.　The　finished　intelligence　they　produce　can　be　strategic，　tactical　or　operational.

7The　third　step　of　the　intelligence　process　is　actually　made　up　of　two　activities:　production　and　dissemination.　Once　analysts　have　made　their　determinations，　they　compose　finished　intelligence　reports　for　both　military　and　civilian　officials.　Intelligence　officers　then　disseminate　these　products　to　relevant　decision　makers，　who　decide　on　a　detailed　plan　of　action.　One　of　the　intelligence　officers　primary　duties　is　to　anticipate　the　needs　of　decision　makers　and　react　to　specific　requests　for　information.　Intelligence　officers　often　work　very　closely　with　policymakers　and　warfighters　to　anticipate　information　requirements　and　to　more　sharply　hone　the　finished　intelligence　provided　by　analysts.

2000s:　years　of　transformation

8Major　transformation　in　the　intelligence　community［1］　had　been　in　progress　since　the　1990s，　but　the　new　millennium　brought　even　more　varied　trials　to　the　Intelligence　Community.　The　largest　of　these　was　the　unprecedented　challenge　of　the　Global　War　on　Terror（GWOT）［2］，　which　began　with　the　terrorist　attacks　of　September　11,2001,　ushered　in　a　new　era　of　integration　and　cooperation　in　military　intelligence.

9Prior　to　the　September　11　attacks，　DIA　was　taking　steps　to　ramp　up　its　counterterrorism　efforts.　After　the　USS　Cole　was　attacked　by　alQaida　suicide　bombers　in　October,　2000，　it　reorganized　its　previous　counterterrorism　office　into　the　Joint　Terrorism　Analysis　Center（JTAC）［3］.　After　the　September　11　attacks，　the　JTAC　mission　was　expanded　and　sharpened，　and　the　organization　was　christened　the　Joint　Intelligence　Task　Force　Combating　Terrorism　（JITFCT）.　JITFCT　remains　at　the　center　of　DIAs　antiterrorism　efforts　today.

10In　the　months　after　the　attacks，　the　U.S.　and　its　coalition　partners　embarked　on　Operation　Enduring　Freedom［4］，　toppling　the　Taliban　regime　in　Afghanistan.　Antiterrorist　initiatives　took　place　in　other　parts　of　the　world　as　well，　including　in　the　Philippines　and　the　Horn　of　Africa.　In　March,　2003，　the　United　States　and　coalition　forces　also　launched　Operation　Iraqi　Freedom，　the　effort　to　remove　Saddam　Hussein　from　power　and　install　a　new　democratic　government　in　Iraq.

11In　all　of　these　operations，　DIA　provided　intelligence　on　enemy　troop　dispositions，　weaponry　and　damage　assessments.　The　agency　also　assisted　with　locating　high　value　targets　and　with　offering　assessments　of　insurgent　capabilities，　intentions　and　potential.　DIA　produced　finegrain　tactical　and　operational　intelligence　for　combat　forces　as　well　as　strategic　estimative　products　for　policy　and　decision　makers.　The　agency　also　established　and　supported　the　Iraq　Survey　Group（ISG）［5］，　an　interagency　body　tasked　with　searching　Iraq　for　weapons　of　mass　destruction.

12DIAs　workforce　has　not　remained　behind　in　the　United　States　while　U.S.　military　forces　deploy　forward.　For　the　past　decade　DIA　has　deployed　thousands　of　personnel　forward　to　support　warfighting　operations　with　a　variety　of　tasks，　including　collection，　analysis，　processing　and　communications.　The　agency　has　also　incorporated　the　intelligence　staffs　of　the　Combatant　Commands，　further　breaking　down　the　barriers　between　national　and　theaterlevel　intelligence　and　making　it　possible　to　cooperate　even　more　closely　to　produce　intelligence　that　responds　to　the　needs　of　individual　warfighting　units.

13DIAs　work　is　not　limited　to　just　antiterrorism　and　counterinsurgency，　however.　In　addition　to　its　protracted　commitments　in　Iraq，　Afghanistan，　and　elsewhere，　the　agency　monitors　North　Korean　missile　launches　and　tracks　the　development　of　Irans　nuclear　program.　It　is　also　heavily　engaged　in　supporting　efforts　to　counter　the　proliferation　of　weapons　of　mass　destruction，　interdict　narcotics　trafficking，　conduct　global　information　operations，　and　assess　foreign　military　capabilities　in　space　and　cyber　space.

14In　2004　and　2005，　DIA　also　provided　an　unprecedented　level　of　support　to　foreign　and　domestic　humanitarian　missions.　Operation　U.N.IFIED　ASSISTANCE，　the　response　to　the　Asian　tsunami　disaster　in　December,　2004，　utilized　DIA　assets　to　locate　hospitals　and　efficiently　direct　humanitarian　assistance　to　the　hardesthit　locations.　DIA　also　participated　in　Joint　Task　Force　Katrina，　which　mobilized　to　assist　recovery　efforts　after　Hurricane　Katrina　hit　New　Orleans　in　September,　2005.

15More　recently，　the　agency　has　assisted　federal　law　enforcement　organizations　with　homeland　security　operations.　For　example，　the　agency　has　lent　sensors　to　border　protection　personnel，　who　have　used　it　to　seize　millions　of　dollars　in　narcotics　and　detect　thousands　of　illegal　entry　attempts.　It　has　also　worked　with　homeland　security　agencies　to　conduct　underwater　surveys　to　improve　port　and　harbor　security　and　install　sensors　that　can　detect　threats　on　land　or　sea.　Elements　of　the　agency　also　played　an　important　role　in　recovery　efforts　after　the　Haitian　earthquake　in　2010.　The　National　Center　for　Medical　Intelligence　called　attention　to　possible　disease　outbreaks　in　the　wake　of　the　quake，　other　health　risks　to　humanitarian　missions，　and，　in　partnership　with　other　agencies，　described　the　location　and　condition　of　important　emergency　care　facilities　in　Haiti　after　the　disaster　struck.

16The　agencys　experiences　in　the　1990s　as　well　as　the　organization　improvements　made　to　cope　with　the　direct　threat　posed　by　transnational　terrorist　groups　such　as　alQaida　and　ISIS　have　enabled　the　agency　to　provide　enhanced　tactical，　operational　and　strategic　intelligence　support　to　initiatives　around　the　globe.　Today，　agency　personnel　are　deployed　to　theaters　around　the　world　in　support　of　military　commands　and　operations　against　terrorists，　and　in　support　of　counterproliferation　efforts，　counternarcotics　missions　and　military　force　analysis.

（1,377　words）

NOTES

［1］　intelligence　community情报界Intelligence　Community　is　a　group　of　government　agencies　and　organizations　that　carry　out　intelligence　activities　for　the　United　States　government.　It　is　headed　by　the　Director　of　Central　Intelligence.

［2］　Global　War　on　Terror(GWOT)全球反恐战争Global　War　on　Terror　is　an　ongoing　international　military　campaign　led　by　the　United　States　of　America　and　the　United　Kingdom　with　the　support　of　other　NATO　and　nonNATO　countries.　The　campaign　was　launched　in　2001　with　the　U.S./UK　invasion　of　Afghanistan　in　response　to　the　September　11　terrorist　attacks.　Since　then，　other　operations　have　commenced，　the　largest　being　the　War　in　Iraq，　beginning　with　a　2003　invasion.　Originally，　it　was　waged　against　alQaeda　and　other　terrorist　organizations　with　the　purpose　of　eliminating　them.

［3］　Joint　Terrorism　Analysis　Center(JTAC)联合反恐分析中心The　Joint　Terrorism　Analysis　Center（JTAC)　is　an　allsource　intelligence　organization　closely　related　to　the　United　Kingdom　Security　Service　which　provides　advice　to　the　British　government　and　firms　within　the　Critical　National　Infrastructure　on　terrorist　threats.

［4］　Operation　Enduring　Freedom持久自由军事行动OEF　is　the　official　name　used　by　the　U.S.　government　for　the　war　in　Afghanistan，　together　with　three　smaller　military　actions，　under　the　umbrella　of　the　Global　War　on　Terror（GWOT）.

［5］　Iraq　Survey　Group(ISG)伊拉克调查小组The　Iraq　Survey　Group（ISG）　was　a　factfinding　mission　sent　by　the　multinational　force　in　Iraq　after　the　2003　Invasion　of　Iraq　to　find　the　alleged　Iraqi　weapons　of　mass　destruction（WMD）　that　had　been　the　main　ostensible　reason　for　the　invasion.　Its　final　report　is　commonly　called　“the　Duelfer　Report.”　It　consisted　of　a　1，400member　international　team　organized　by　the　Pentagon　and　Central　Intelligence　Agency　to　hunt　for　the　alleged　stockpiles　of　WMD，　including　chemical　and　biological　agents，　and　any　supporting　research　program　and　infrastructure　that　could　be　used　to　develop　WMD.

MILITARY　TERMS

aerial　imagery　空中成像（由人造卫星或传感器获取的图像）

border　protection　边防

combat　troop　作战部队

combatant　command　作战司令部（大写复数是指美军6大作战司令部）

cyber　space/saＩbspeＩs/　计算机网络空间

disposition/dＩspzＩn/　n.　arrangement　or　placing，　as　of　troops　or　buildings　部署

emergency　care　急救护理

force　multiplier　战斗力倍增器

force　planning　军事力量规划，兵力计划

homeland　security　国土安全，国家安全

insurgent/Ｉnsdnt/　adj.　in　opposition　to　a　civil　authority　or　government　叛乱的

military　maneuver　军事演习

operational　intelligence　作战情报

photo　interpretation　照相判读

suicide　bomber　自杀性炸弹

theater/Ｉt/　n.　a　major　area　of　military　activity　战区，战场

warfighter/w　faＩt/　n.　someone　who　fights　in　a　war　作战人员，军人

NEW　WORDS

christen/krＩsn/　vt.　name　and　dedicate　为……命名

demographics/demrfＩks/　n.　a　statistic　characterizing　human　populations　人口学

disseminate/dＩsemＩneＩt/　vt.　cause　to　become　widely　known　宣传，传播

finegrain/faＩngreＩn/　adj.　having　or　producing　an　image　with　grain　of　inconspicuous　size　微粒图像的

glean/lin/　v.　gather，　as　of　natural　products　收集（资料）

highaltitude/haＩltＩtjud/　adj.　occurring　at　or　from　a　relative　high　altitude　高空的

hone/hn/　vt.　make　perfect　or　complete　磨砺；锤炼

interagency/inteＩdsi/　adj.　involving　or　representing　two　or　more　agencies,　especially　government　agencies　跨部门的，部门之间的

interdict/ＩntdＩkt/　n.　a　court　order　prohibiting　a　party　from　doing　a　certain　activity　禁令

narcotic/nktＩk/　n.　a　drug　that　produces　numbness　or　stupor;　often　taken　for　pleasure　or　to　reduce　pain;　extensive　use　can　lead　to　addiction　麻醉药，镇静剂

overt/vt/　adj.　open　and　observable;　not　secret　or　hidden　明显的，公然的

proliferation/prlＩfreＩn/　n.　a　rapid　increase　in　number　（especially　a　rapid　increase　in　the　number　of　deadly　weapons）　增殖，扩散

protract/prtrkt/　v.　lengthen　in　time;　cause　to　be　or　last　longer　延长，伸展

recipient/rＩsＩpint/　n.　a　person　who　gets　something　接受者

topple/tpl/　v.　fall　down，　as　if　collapsing　推翻，颠覆

vulnerability/vlnrbＩlti/　n.　susceptibility　to　injury　or　attack　弱点，要害

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　assist　withhelp　someone　manage　someone　or　something，　especially　with　lifting　or　physical　management　在……上给予帮助

2.　call　attention　tocause　someone，　including　oneself，　or　something　to　be　noticed　or　observed　提醒

3.　embark　onget　off　the　ground　从事，着手

4.　in　an　effort　toin　an　attempt　to　(do　something)　企图（努力想），试图要

5.　in　combination　within　association　with　与……结合

6.　in　partnership　with　be　a　partner　with和……合伙（或合作)

7.　in　the　wake　offollowing　or　as　a　result　of　something　随着……而来，作为……的结果

8.　pull　together　assemble　or　get　together把……放在一起；齐心协力

9.　ramp　upbolster　or　strengthen　提升

10.　react　toact　in　response　to　someone　or　something　作出反应

11.　usher　in　set　in　motion,　cause　to　start领进，引进

PROPER　NAMES

Hurricane　Katrina　“卡特里娜”飓风

USS　Cole　美国“科尔号”战舰

Haiti/heＩti/　海地（位于加勒比海地区）

Haitian　earthquake　海地地震

Horn　of　Africa　非洲之角（位于非洲东北部）

IMINT　图像情报

MASINT　测量与特征信号情报

National　Center　for　Medical　Intelligence　国家医疗情报中心

New　Orleans　新奥尔良（美国路易斯安那州东南部港市)

Operation　Iraqi　Freedom　伊拉克自由行动

Operation　Unified　Assistance　统一救援行动

OSINT　公开来源情报（Open　Source　Intelligence）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　Comprehension

Direction:　Choose　the　best　answer　to　each　question　with　the　information　you　got　from　the　text.

1.　Which　of　the　following　is　NOT　true　about　military　intelligence?

（A）　Military　intelligence　includes　intelligence　on　any　foreign　military　or　militaryrelated　situation.

（B）　Military　intelligence　is　the　product　of　gathering　information　about　foreign　military　capabilities，　intentions，　plans，　dispositions　and　equipment.

（C）　The　findings　produced　from　military　intelligence　are　disseminated　only　to　decision　makers　and　combat　troops.

（D）　Military　intelligence　exists　in　three　basic　forms:　strategic，　operational　and　tactical.

2.　intelligence　is　gathered　at　the　local　level.

（A）　Strategic

（B）　Operational

（C）　Tactical

（D）　Electronic

3.　After　the　intelligence，　the　intelligence　officers　will　distribute　the　finished　reports　to　the　relevant　decision　makers.

（A）　gathering

（B）　analyzing

（C）　producing

（D）　disseminating

4.　Which　of　the　following　is　TRUE　about　military　DIA?

（A）　DIA　was　taking　steps　to　strengthen　its　counterterrorism　efforts　before　the　September　11　attacks.

（B）　DIA　only　provided　intelligence　on　enemy　troop　dispositions　and　weaponry.

（C）　DIAs　workforce　has　remained　behind　in　the　United　States　while　U.S.　military　forces　deploy　forward.

（D）　DIAs　work　is　limited　to　just　antiterrorism　and　counterinsurgency.

5.　Today，　agency　personnel　are　deployed　to　theaters　around　the　world　in　support　of　a　diverse　array　of　tasks　EXCEPT　.

（A）　counterproliferation　efforts

（B）　counternarcotics　missions

（C）　military　force　analysis

（D）　maintaining　freedom　of　the　foreign　countries

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.

1.　The　resulting　intelligence　is　d　immediately　to　appropriate　government　entities　and　military　commands.

2.　The　Navy　will　c　the　newest　guidedmissile　destroyer，　Michael　Murphy.

3.　Civilian　providers　also　may　g　ideas　that　can　aid　them　in　the　treatment　of　noncombatrelated　brain　injuries.

4.　Today　the　president　has　turned　to　direct　o　military　force　to　complement　the　economic，　humanitarian，　financial　and　diplomatic　activities　which　are　already　well　underway.

5.　The　computer　simulation　exercise　is　held　every　summer　to　h　the　warfighting　skills　of　the　combined　defense　team　in　South　Korea.

6.　Dakota　Meyer　will　be　the　third　living　r—and　first　Marine—to　be　awarded　the　Medal　of　Honour　for　Actions　in　Iraq　or　Afghanistan.

7.　AlQaeda　and　other　terrorists　want　to　t　the　Iraqi　government　and　reverse　the　security　gains　achieved　over　the　past　15　months.

8.　During　todays　meeting，　the　official　said，　the　ministers　discussed　countering　nuclear　p.

9.　A　combined　force　killed　an　insurgent　and　detained　two　suspects　during　a　search　for　a　Taliban　leader　who　negotiated　with　n　suppliers　to　provide　finances　for　insurgent　operations.

10.　They　have　collaborated　on　the　Proliferation　Security　Initiative，　which　seeks　to　i　the　movement　of　weapons　of　mass　destruction　around　the　world.

Section　B

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

in　combination　with

in　the　wake　of

assist　with

call　attention　to

ramp　up

in　an　effort　to

embark　on

react　to

1.　In　one　capability　exercise　10　different　nations　were　involved　in　jumping　out　of　airplanes，　fastroping(快速滑绳），　doing　mock　raids，　all　continue　to　build　this　partnership.

2.　The　command　will　do　that　Air　Force　units　from　outside　the　country.

3.　For　the　United　States，　the　exercise　is　a　cost　effective　technique　to　enhance　abilities　of　allied　nations　to　a　wide　variety　of　regional　security　threats.

4.　The　regime　has　not　decided　that　they　will　the　efforts　to　weaponize　their　nuclear　capability.

5.　The　cornerstone　of　the　existing　and　any　future　enhancements　of　our　security　relationship　will　be　to　capacity　building　of　the　Armed　Forces　of　that　country.

6.　Pannell　said　hed　like　to　the　fact　that　blood　donations　are　needed　by　the　Armed　Services　Blood　Program　nationwide　and　locally　at　the　Pentagon.

7.　a　military　coup（政变）　and　cultural　turmoil　nearly　10　years　ago，　he　and　his　wife　fled　their　homeland　as　political　refugees.

8.　Weve　put　in　place　a　program　to　these　regional　defense　capabilities　over　the　years　ahead　in　partnership　with　allies.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening,　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

be　involved　in　涉及

enforcement/Ｉｎfsｍｎt/　n.　强制，实施

federal/ｆeｄｒl/　adj.　联邦的

fingerprint/ｆＩｐｒＩｎｔ/　n.　指纹，指印

investigate/ＩｎvｅｓｔＩｅＩｔ/　v.　调查

kidnapping/ｋＩｄｎｐＩ/　n.　绑架

Proper　Names

Department　of　Justice　［美国］司法部

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Work　in　pairs.　Look　at　the　following　pictures　and　answer　the　questions.

1.　Have　you　ever　seen　these　Hollywood　blockbusters?　If　yes,　please　introduce　the　stories　of　these　heroes　to　your　partners.

2.　What　are　the　real　identities　of　these　heroes　and　what　kind　of　agencies　do　they　work　for?

3.　How　much　do　you　know　about　those　mysterious　security　agencies　in　the　U.S.?

Task　2Questions　and　Answers

Directions:　Listen　to　the　news　item　from　VOA　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1.　How　many　security　agencies　are　introduced　in　the　news　item?　What　are　they?

2.　Which　is　the　main　investigating　agency　of　Department　of　Justice?　What　do　the　three　capitalized　letters　represent?

3.　Which　one　would　take　part　in　secret　activities　with　the　order　from　the　President?　What　are　the　letters　in　its　name　short　for?

4.　Which　is　a　center　of　foreign　language　study　and　research?　What　do　these　three　letters　stand　for?

5.　Which　of　these　agencies　plays　a　role　in　protecting　the　national　security　of　the　United　States?

Task　3Filling　the　Table

Directions:　Listen　to　the　news　item　again　and　match　the　agencies　with　the　functions.

Functions

FBI

CIA

NSA

1　It　gathers　information　about　people　or　groups　it　believes　are　dangerous　to　national　security.

2　It　collects　information　about　the　activities　of　any　American　citizens　who　are　believed　to　be　involved　in　spying　or　international　terrorism　activities.

3　It　protects　all　important　secret　information　that　is　kept　or　sent　through　United　States　government　equipment.

4　It　investigates　more　than　250　different　kinds　of　federal　crimes.

5　It　develops　secret　methods　of　sending　information.

6　It　has　the　largest　collection　of　fingerprints　in　the　world.

7　It　develops　methods　of　reading　secret　information　used　by　other　governments.

8　It　collects　foreign　intelligence　information　to　help　top　government　officials　make　decisions　about　national　security.

9　It　provides　services　to　other　law　enforcement　agencies.

10　It　invents　new　technology　through　scientific　research.

11　It　is　one　of　the　best　crime　laboratories　in　the　world.

Video　Watching　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

alleged/leｄＩｄ/　adj.　可疑的，被断言的

camaraderie/ｋｍｒａｄｒi/　n.　同志之爱，友情

convict/ｋｎvＩｋｔ/　vt.　宣判有罪

daunting/ｄｎｔＩ/　adj.令人却步的，使人畏缩的

forensic/ｆｒeｎｓＩｋ/　adj.　用于法庭的，取证的

goahead　放行信号

ideology/ａＩｄilｄi/　n.　思想（体系），思想认识

investigative/ＩｎveｓｔＩｔＩv/　adj.　调查研究的，侦查的

martyrdom/matdm/　n.　殉难，牺牲

perspective/ｐｓｐeｋｔＩv/　n.　观点，看法

plotter/ｐｌｔ/　n.　密谋策划者，搞阴谋的人

stateoftheart　顶尖水准的

testament/ｔeｓｔｍｎｔ/　n.　遗嘱

torment/ｔｍeｎｔ/　n.　折磨，痛苦

Proper　Names

CCTV（Closed　Circuit　Television）　闭路电视

Good　Friday　Peace　Agreement　贝尔法斯特协议（北爱尔兰和平进程中里程碑式的协议）

Home　Secretary　内政部长

MI5　（The　Security　Service)　［英］军情五处

Walthamstow　沃尔瑟姆斯托（英国地名）

Weapons　of　Mass　Destruction（WMD）　大规模杀伤性武器

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1.　What　kind　of　jobs　does　MI5　offer?

2.　What　is　the　major　mission　of　MI5?

3.　What　is　a　key　element　contributing　to　the　MI5　staff　to　accomplish　their　missions　according　to　the　last　words　of　the　video　clip?

4.　With　the　video　clip　in　this　part　and　in　the　prereading　activities，　what　difference　can　you　figure　out　between　MI5　and　MI6　concerning　their　responsibilities?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Watch　Part　Ⅰ　of　the　video　clip　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

1.　Were　always　looking　to　recruit　people　with　a　diverse　range　of　（1）　.

2.　We　have　nearly　4，000　staff　based　（1）　.　The　people　who　work　for　us　reflect　（2）　we　serve.

3.　We　offer　a　wide　range　of　jobs—a　lot　more　diverse　than　people　might　imagine.　From　core　（1）　and　（2）　roles，　to　the　jobs　that　keep　the　organization　（3）　.　We　need　that　breadth　of　skills.

4.　MI5　is　responsible　for　countering　covertly　（1）　to　Britains　security　and　（2）　，　threats　that　come　from　（3）　，　espionage　and　the　proliferation　of　weapons　of　（4）　.

Task　3Reordering　the　Statements

Directions:　Watch　Part　Ⅱ　of　the　video　clip　and　reorder　the　following　statements　according　to　the　sequence　of　time.

1　A　team　of　intelligence　analysts　and　computer　network　forensic　specialists　worked　to　analyze　communications　and　thus　find　out　the　progress　of　the　plot.

2　A　technical　team　entered　the　property　to　install　hidden　listening　devices　and　CCTV.

3　A　flat　in　Forest　Road，　Walthamstow，　was　identified　as　a　bomb　factory　and　became　central　to　their　activities.

4　It　was　found　out　the　plotters　were　preparing　video　testaments.

5　An　individual　under　surveillance　in　the　U.K.　went　to　visit　an　influential　member　of　alQaeda　in　Pakistan.

6.　The　intelligence　officers　in　the　team　quickly　set　about　providing　covert　intelligence　coverage　of　the　alleged　terrorists.

7.　The　MI5　investigative　team　discovered　a　group　in　London　that　was　planning　an　attack　in　the　U.K.

8　All　the　principal　plotters　were　arrested.

9.　The　team　got　the　legal　goahead　from　the　Home　Secretary.

Video　Watching　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

conspirator/ｋｎｓｐＩｒｔ/　n.　共谋者

diplomat/ｄＩｐｌｍｔ/　n.　外交官

encrypt/ＩｎkｒＩｐｔ/　vt.　把……加密，将……译成密码

mundane/ｍnｄｅＩn/　adj.　世俗的，平凡的

penetrate/ｐeｎＩｔｒｅＩｔ/　v.　秘密植入，渗入

policy　making/ｐlｓiｍｅＩｋＩ/　n.　制定政策，决策

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1.　Why　did　the　FBI　release　these　materials　according　to　the　video　clip?

2.　What　are　the　purposes　of　these　spies　according　to　the　FBI?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1.　U.S.　FBI　has　released　series　of　（1）　tapes，　photos　and　documents，　claiming　they　show　how　Russias　sleeper　spies　pass　on　（2）　，　information　and　cash.

2.　Cameras　catch　Anna　Chapman　roaming　a　department　store　while　a　Russian　（1）　waiting　outside.

3.　Other　photos　and　videos　from　the　surveillance　（1）　showed　some　of　the　ten　other　（2）　burying　money　in　a　patch　of　weeds　and　handing　out　（3）　in　the　subway　tunnel.

4.　The　FBI　claims　the　seemingly　（1）　pursuits　often　serve　this　cover　for　the　exchange　of　the　（2）　messages　or　the　transfer　of　cash　or　with　the　（3）　of　penetrating　the　highest　levels　of　U.S.　（4）　.

Task　3Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Work　in　pairs　to　discuss　the　following　questions.

1.　Can　you　guess　how　these　Russian　spies　were　exposed?　If　yes,　please　say　something　about　it.

2.　What　is　the　FBIs　underlying　and　ultimate　purpose　of　releasing　these　materials　in　your　opinion?

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Task　1A　Test　for　Fun

Directions:　Do　you　want　to　be　a　colleague　of　James　Bond?　If　yes，　please　try　the　Intelligence　Officer　Challenge　of　SIS　following　the　instruction.

Maintaining　a　cover　story　is　part　of　being　an　intelligence　officer.　The　test　below　takes　you　to　a　very　basic　scenario　involving　a　simple　cover　story.　Its　mainly　for　fun　but　it　may　help　you　decide　whether　working　for　SIS　appeals　to　you.　Its　not　a　selection　tool，　although　the　results　should　also　tell　you　something　about　your　suitability.

Please　note　as　this　is　the　text　version　the　timings　will　not　apply.

Introduction

In　a　moment，　you　will　be　asked　to　read　a　short　passage　to　yourself.　As　an　intelligence　officer　you　may　have　to　use　a　cover　story.　This　is　yours，　and　describes　who　you　are，　your　history，　where　you　are　and　what　you　are　doing　in　the　imaginary　country　of　Transeuratania.

You　will　have　exactly　two　minutes　to　digest　the　information，　at　which　point　the　multiple　choice　test　will　start.　The　information　you　are　given　will　be　adequate　to　answer　all　the　questions　correctly.　However，　the　correct　answer　will　not　always　be　obvious.　The　test　is　a　test　of　memory，　reasoning　and　mental　agility　under　pressure.　These　are　among　the　skills　necessary　in　an　intelligence　officers　work.　You　will　have　ten　seconds　to　read　each　question　and　the　three　possible　answers，　after　which　you　must　respond　or　you　will　be　timedout.　When　you　are　ready，　take　the　test.

Remember　this　test　is　not　to　be　taken（too）　seriously　and　your　results　will　have　no　bearing　on　any　future　application.　That　said，　we　hope　it　gives　you　a　taste　of　the　challenges　that　you　might，　one　day，　possibly　face.

Your　Cover　Story

Youre　stationed　in　Transeuratania.　Youre　a　vegetarian　and　the　food　isnt　especially　good　in　Metropoligrad　unlike　the　coffee，　which　costs　less　than　a　Shilling　for　a　pot　at　the　best　hotel.　Your　name　is　Stephanie　Johnson.　You　were　born　on　December　14,　1974,　in　Skegness.　At　A　Level，　you　gained　an　A　in　Geography，　an　A　in　French　and　a　B　in　Economics.　You　have　two　sisters　and　a　brother.　You　studied　Geology　at　university　and　now　work　as　a　Management　Consultant　for　a　company　called　British　Coal　Associates.

Questions

1.　What　is　your　name?

（A）　Joan　Stephenson.

（B）　Stephanie　Johnston.

（C）　Stephanie　Johnson.

2.　What　is　the　currency　of　Transeuratania?

（A）　Transeuratanian　Rouble.

（B）　Transeuratanian　Zloty.

（C）　Transeuratanian　Shilling.

3.　What　is　your　favourite　meal?

（A）　Mushroom　Risotto.

（B）　Duck　A　LOrange.

（C）　Roasted　Vegetables　with　Lamb.

4.　What　were　your　grades　at　A　Level?

（A）　ABB.（B）　CAB.（C）　AAB.

5.　What　company　are　you　working　for?

（A）　CBA.（B）　ABC.（C）　BCA

6.　What　was　your　degree　in?

（A）　Geology.（B）　Geography.（C）　Management.

7.　Whats　your　brothers　name?

（A）　John　Stephenson.

（B）　John　Johnson.

（C）　Stephen　Johnston

8.　Whats　your　date　of　birth?

（A）　December　17,　1974.

（B）　December　14,　1974.

（C）　December　19,　1974.

Scores

Seven　or　Eight:　Not　bad，　not　bad　at　all.　You　might（and　it　is　only　a　might　at　this　stage）　have　some　of　the　skills　we　need.　Maybe　youd　like　to　apply.

Five　or　Six:　Could　do　better，　which，　in　real　life，　wouldnt　be　good　enough.　However，　its　not　for　real　and　if　youre　convinced　youve　got　what　it　takes，　why　not　apply.

Three　or　Four:　More　“Oh　no，”　than　OK，　were　afraid.　Perhaps　you　dont　know　what　the　jobs　about.　Why　not　read　our　profiles?

Two　or　less:　Not　great.　Try　again　later，　perhaps　after　reading　the　job　description.

Task　2Oral　Presentation

Directions:　Give　a　presentation　of　no　less　than　3　minutes　to　illustrate　your　opinions　concerning　the　following　topic.

TOPIC:

What　Qualities　Should　an　Excellent　Special　Agent　Bear　to　Ensure　the　Accomplishment　of　the　Tasks?

REQUIREMENTS:

1.　Make　a　list　to　cover　all　the　qualities　you　think　essential　in　descending　order　and　then　illustrate　them　one　by　one.

2.　Support　your　ideas　with　convincing　evidence　to　make　your　illustration　more　persuasive.

3.　Make　sure　your　presentation　is　complete，　coherent　and　cohesive.

Unit　EightMilitary　Doctrine

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

accommodate/kmdeＩt/　v.　供应，适应

leaner/lin/　adj.　更瘦的，更少的

on　the　back　of　由于（某项成就）

presidential/prezＩdenl/　adj.　总统的

superiority/supＩrirti/　n.　优越

switch/swＩt/　vt.　转化，转变

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions.

1.　Whats　the　new　U.S.　military　strategy　mainly　about?

2.　What　has　led　to　this　strategy?

3.　What　does　the　video　clip　say　about　the　U.S.　defense　budget?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Listen　to　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1.　So　what　does　the　new　strategic　change　?

2.　How　does　this　influence　Obamas　and　how　will　the　increase　of　the　U.S.　in　the　AsiaPacific　Region　affect　Chinas　?

3.　Does　the　shift　in　the　U.S.　defense　policy　indicate　?

4.　Can　U.S.　defense　be　taken　seriously?

5.　Will　the　increase　of　U.S.　forward　military　presence　in　the　Asia　Pacific　Region　help　or　Chinas　peaceful　?

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

The　New　U.S.　Military　Doctrine

Intimidation　and　inspiration

1The　United　States　Joint　Forces　Command(USJFCOM)［1］　issued　a　curious　document，　in　fact　representing　a　new　military　doctrine　of　the　United　States.　The　blueprint，　entitled　“The　Joint　Operative　Environment　2008”　（JOE），　endeavours　to　look　into　a　quarter　of　a　century　ahead　and　guess　in　what　kind　of　environment　warfare　and　combat　operations　are　going　to　be　waged.

2The　preface　is　signed　by　Gen.　J.　N.　Mattis　U.S.　Marine　Corps，　Commander　of　JFCOM.　That　means　that　the　document　is　really　serious　and　worth　studying.

3The　U.S.　Joint　Forces　Command　was　formed　in　1999　on　the　base　of　the　former　Atlantic　Command［2］.　Since　that　time，　JFCOM　has　served　as　a　laboratory　of　transformation　of　the　U.S.　armed　forces，　as　a　conductor　of　the　Presidential　guidelines　and　a　prototype　of　the　Army　of　Future.　It　does　not　have　any　analogues　in　Russia.

4What　do　military　futurologists　forecast?　In　fact，　an　utterly　unclear　perspective.　The　authors　admit　that　today，　America　is　gripped　with　both　intimidation　and　inspiration.　Still，　the　military　forces　are　supposed　to　continue　playing　the　central　role　in　pursuing　national　interests　and　state　security.　In　the　next　quarter　of　the　century，　they　expect　war　against　regular　and　irregular（guerilla）　troops，　mostly　in　distant　regions，　along　with　assistance　to　affected　regions　and　their　reconstruction（obviously　on　the　Iraqi　pattern）.　Conflicts　are　going　to　emerge　for　various　reasons—from　wellcalculated　strategy　of　the　adversary　to　outbreaks　of　blond　passions.　Military　capabilities　of　the　probable　adversaries　vary　from　suicide　vests　and　bomb　belts　to　longrange　highprecision　weapons，　ballistic　missiles　and　antisatellite　systems.　The　number　of　nations，　possessing　WMD（nuclear，　chemical　and　biological　weapons）　is　expected　to　increase—not　only　among　stable　countries　but　also　among　failed　states　and　nongovernmental　networks.　It　is　not　yet　possible　to　foresee　relevant　details.　It　is　more　or　less　possible　only　to　characterize　the　environment　in　which　future　dramas　are　going　to　unfold.　Obviously，　military　forces　will　have　to　confront　aggressive　Islamic　militants　and　their　terrorist　assaults　on　the　Western　“open　society.”

5The　JFCOMs　study　addresses　three　issues:

●　trends　and　disruptions　that　are　likely　to　affect　the　U.S.　armed　forces　over　the　next　25　years;

●　impact　of　these　trends　and　disruptions　on　the　context　of　combat　operations;

●　implications　of　these　trends　and　contexts　for　the　Joint　Force.

6JOEs　authors　believe　that　wars　are　inherent　in　the　human　civilization.　Therefore，　the　United　States　will　have　to　use　weapons　not　once.　Besides，　many　regions　of　the　world　lack　reasonable　political　players，　while　religious　and　ideological　sentiment　may　mobilize　millions　for　mortal　combat.

To　understand　oneself　in　order　to　understand　the　adversary

7The　doctrines　authors　believe　that　the　fog　of　uncertainty　and　“frictions”　of　war　events（defined　by　Carl　von　Clausewitz［3］）　are　going　to　maintain　in　wars　of　the　nearest　future.　Despite　accuracy　of　operation　planning　and　high　technologies，　the　notorious　“fog　of　war”　and　“frictions”　may　divert　the　process　of　combat　operation　to　utter　unpredictability.

8It　is　noteworthy　that　U.S.　military　futurologists　urge　to　thoroughly　study　the　adversary，　to　deeply　understand　the　enemy.　Military　leaders　too　frequently　regard　the　adversary　as　a　force　incapable　of　education　and　adaptation.　War　is　never　a　collision　of　a　living　force　with　a　lifeless　mass:　It　is　always　a　clash　of　two　living　forces.

9Even　in　case　the　two　sides　of　the　battle　have　a　similar　historical　and　cultural　background，　their　combat　behavior　plausibly　varies　due　to　dissemblance　of　interpersonal　relations，　expectations　and　behavioral　patterns.　When　a　military　collision　takes　place　between　representatives　of　various　cultures，　the　situation　is　even　more　complicated.　Therefore，　one　should　follow　the　advice　of　Sun　Tzu:　to　thoroughly　study　oneself，　and　then　study　the　enemy　with　similar　painstaking　efforts.

10In　practice，　this　suggests　requirement　of　insight　in　potential　adversaries:　their　culture，　history，　geography，　religious　and　ideological　motivations，　and　distinction　of　their　perception　of　the　external　world　from　that　of　an　American.

Tomorrow　and　today　are　incomparable

11The　U.S.　military　are　definitely　not　simplistic　fatheads.　They　clearly　realize　that　the　world　has　entered　a　shocking，　unpredictable　age.　Oncoming　wars　are　also　going　to　be　unpredictable，　involving　forces　capable　of　education，　adaptation　and　use　of　advanced　technologies.　To　grasp　the　change　in　time，　politicians　should　avoid　extrapolation　of　current　events　into　the　future，　and　not　try　to　measure　the　emerging　reality　with　the　traditional　criteria.

12The　unpredictability　of　future　is　illustrated　by　JOEs　authors　with　an　example　from　recent　past.　A　quarter　of　a　century　ago，　the　U.S.　military　intellect　was　concentrated　on　a　potential　collision　with　the　USSR，　anticipating　all　kinds　of　challenges　on　a　strategic　and　tactical　level.　The　Soviet　Union　was　perceived　as　a　hard　and　rough　adversary　with　leaders　believing　in　Marxism　Leninism　and　committed　to　spread　Communist　influence　across　the　universe.　A　few　persons　in　the　intelligence　community　could　detect　and　estimate　the　developing　internal　crisis　leading　to　USSRs　implosion.

13At　that　time，　the　confronting　sides　deployed　thousands　of　warheads　at　their　military　bases，　and　developed　extensive　ground　forces，　aviation　and　Navy.　The　USSR　was　seemingly　going　to　win　the　Afghan　war，　while　pro　Soviet　guerillas　won　in　Salvador.

14A　quarter　of　a　century　ago，　the　U.S.　military　were　criticized　for　poor　coordination　of　troops　that　revealed　most　spectacularly　during　the　Grenada　operation［4］　in　October,　1983.　Todays　unified　structure　of　U.S.　armed　forces　was　yet　in　theory.　Pentagon　did　not　yet　possess　the　M　1　tank，　the　Bradley　armored　vehicle，　while　stealth　fighters　were　being　tested，　the　term　“high　precision　weapons”　was　applied　only　to　tactical　nuclear　weapons;　and　the　global　GPS　system　did　not　exist　at　all.

15American　analysts　propose　to　look　deeper　into　the　history　and　the　beginning　of　the　XX　century，　and　compare　the　strategic　assessments　that　failed　to　match　reality.

161900.　The　worlds　leading　power　is　the　British　Empire，　and　its　strategic　analysts　fear　of　the　rising　France.　（The　JOE　analysts　have　forgotten　that　during　decades　after　Napoleon　Ⅲ，　France　was　in　fact　tailing　on　behind　British　policy，　while　the　British　feared　of　the　two　rising　continental　powers,　Russia　and　Germany）

171910.　The　British　allied　with　the　French　against　Germany　（The　Russian　Empire　is　omitted　again）.

181920.　Britain　and　its　allies　win　World　War　Ⅰ　but　face　a　naval　arms　race　with　its　formal　allies,　Japan　and　the　United　States.

191930.　Nations　sign　the　First　Naval　Limitation　Treaties［5］.　The　Great　Depression［6］　breaks　out.　The　British　dont　expect　war　within　a　decade，　regarding　the　USSR　and　Japan　as　probable　adversaries，　while　Italy　and　Germany　are　perceived　as　friendly　powers.

201936.　A　top　British　war　planner　admits　that　the　major　probable　adversaries　are　Italy，　Japan　and　Germany，　not　counting　upon　any　assistance　from　the　U.S.

211940.　Frances　surrender　leaves　Britain　alone　against　Germany　and　Japan;　the　Japanese　threaten　British　colonies　in　the　Far　East;　the　Americans　have　only　recently　started　to　reequip　its　military　forces.

221950.　After　World　War　Ⅱ，　America　is　the　worlds　greatest　power;　the　Nuclear　Age　has　just　started;　still，　36，500　Americans　die　in　the　Korean　War　that　emerged　from　a　“police　action”［7］.　In　this　war，　lasting　until　1953，　Americas　major　adversary　is　China,　the　ally　of　the　U.S.　in　the　war　against　Japan.

231960.　Politicians　shout　that　USSR　has　surpassed　America　in　missile　development，　though　that　is　not　true.　The　doctrine　of　massive　nuclear　retaliation　is　replaced　with　the　doctrine　of　flexible　response.　Meanwhile，　a　small　insurgency　in　South　Vietnam　is　yet　almost　unnoticed　by　U.S.　analysts.

241970.　After　a　failure　in　the　Vietnam　Campaign，　the　U.S.　is　withdrawing　troops　from　Indochina.　Meanwhile，　the　Soviet　Union　had　just　successfully　suppressed　the　emerging　unrest　in　the　Warsaw　Pact.　Détente　between　Washington　and　Moscow　begins.　Meanwhile，　China

and　the　United　States

are　waiting　for　an　opportunity　to　create　an　informal　alliance　with　each　other.

251980.　The　USSR　had　just　invaded　Afghanistan，　while　the　Islamic　Revolution［8］　had　overthrown　the　Shahs　regime　in　Tehran.　The　U.S.　military　is　trying　to　release　the　hostages　from　the　U.S.　embassys　personnel，　but　the　operation　humiliatingly　fails.　For　the　first　time，　the　U.S.　Army　is　reputed　as　a　“hollow　force.”　At　the　same　time，　the　United　States　becomes　the　worlds　largest　creditor.

261990.（more　precisely，　1991）　The　USSR　falls　apart.　The　supposedly　“hollow”　U.S.　troops　crush　Saddams　army　within　100　hours.　But　nobody　except　Pentagon　personnel　has　heard　of　the　Internet.

272000.　Warsaw　is　the　capital　of　a　NATO　nation.　Terrorism　gains　support，　becoming　Americas　major　enemy.　Biotech，　robotics，　nanotechnology　and　hydrogen　energy　research　develop　more　swiftly　than　expected.

A　quarter　century　is　a　huge　time　span　in　the　age　of　changes

28Thus，　the　world　drastically　changed　within　a　span　of　a　decade，　not　25　years.　Between　1983　and　today，　the　economic　and　technological　“landscape”　has　dramatically　transformed.

29In　1983，　the　daily　transfer　of　capital　among　international　markets　was　approximately　20　billion.　Today，　it　is　1.6　trillion.

30In　1983，　the　Internet　was　still　a　military　communications　network，　its　economic　and　communicative　capabilities　still　unrevealed;　cellular　communications　also　did　not　yet　exist.　（Not　correct:　in　the　USSR，　cellular　communications　for　top　officials　existed　since　1980）　PCs　are　only　becoming　a　mass　phenomenon;　Microsoft　has　just　expanded　beyond　Bill　Gates　personal　garage;　Google　exists　in　science　fiction　novels.

31And　though　the　information　revolution　has　already　started，　its　applications　were　yet　vague　and　not　obvious.　All　the　other　achievements　of　today，　like　robotics　（not　true:　Robotics　was　named　a　key　direction　of　technologies　at　CPSU　XXVI　Congress［9］　in　1981），　deciphering　of　the　human　genome，　and　nanotechnologies　were　yet　a　dream.

32Driving　these　parallels，　JOEs　authors　conclude:　The　changes　are　likely　to　be　dramatic　and　drastic　also　in　the　oncoming　quarter　of　the　XXI　century.　The　speed　of　technological　and　scientific　research　is　increasing;　qualitative　shifts　are　going　to　happen　in　the　energy，　financial，　political，　strategic，　operational　and　technological　domains.　Some　of　them　are　well　expected，　but　others　will　emerge　in　the　way　of　sudden，　groundbreaking　innovations　and　the　Joint　Force　Command　should　be　prepared　for　this.

Studying　our　probable　adversary

33The　work　of　U.S.　military　futurologists　should　be　highly　appreciated.　Their　doctrine　is　written　in　vivid，　fruity　and　figurative　language—　unlike　the　sapless　bureaucratic　style　of　Soviet，　as　well　as　contemporary　Russian　military　research.　In　Russias　military　establishment，　the　JOE　blueprint　would　be　regarded　as　“not　serious.”

34However，　the　approach　of　the　authors　raises　the　debate　to　the　level　of　a　real　“cosmic　view.”　The　argumentation　and　rhetorical　technique，　with　reference　to　classical　military　theorists　like　von　Clausewitz，　Sun　Tzu，　or　Thucydides［10］，　approximates　the　blueprint　to　the　writings　of　Alvin　Toffler［11］，　and　in　Russian　literature—to　the　Russian　Doctrine　and　this　authors　books.

35We　have　to　thoroughly　study　the　United　States，　the　nation　that　has　always　been　a　rival　and　a　potential　adversary　of　any　Russian　centralized　statehood—monarchic，　socialist　or　any　else.　Therefore，　we　have　to　conceive　the　logic　of　U.S.　military　development，　the　world　outlook　of　the　U.S.　military，　their　approach　to　military　planning　and　combat　operations.　In　this　respect，　JOE　is　a　valuable　document　for　Russians.

（1,845　words）

NOTES

［1］　the　United　States　Joint　Forces　Command（USJFCOM）美国联合部队司令部One　of　ten　Unified　Combatant　Commands　of　the　United　States　Armed　Forces.　It　is　a　functional　command　that　provides　specific　services　to　the　military.　Its　commander　is　directed　by　the　President　to　identify　opportunities　to　cut　costs　and　rebalance　priorities.

［2］　Atlantic　Command美国大西洋司令部A　Unified　Combatant　Command　of　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense.　It　was　active　from　the　1947　to　1993　as　a　primarily　U.S.　Navy　command,　focused　upon　the　wartime　defense　of　the　Atlantic　sea　lanes　against　Soviet　attack.　After　the　end　of　the　Cold　War,　a　1993　reorganization　brought　United　States　Army　Forces　Command　and　Air　Combat　Command　under　its　authority.　In　1999,　it　was　renamed　and　given　a　new　mission　as　the　United　States　Joint　Forces　Command.

［3］　Carl　von　Clausewitz克劳塞维茨A　Prussian　soldier　and　German　military

theorist　who　stressed　the　moral　and　political　aspects　of　war.　His　most　notable

work，　Vom　Kriege　（On　War），　was　unfinished　at　his　death.　Clausewitz　had　a　romantic　conception　of　warfare，　stressing　the　dialectic　of　how　opposite　factors　interact，　and　noting　how　unexpected　new　developments　unfolding　under　the　“fog　of　war”　called　for　rapid　decisions　by　alert　commanders.

［4］　Grenada　operation格林纳达行动Also　called　the　Invasion　of　Grenada.　It　was　a　1983　U.S.led　invasion　of　Grenada，　a　Caribbean　island　nation　with　a　population　of　just　over　100，000.　The　operation　was　triggered　by　a　military　coup　which　ousted　a　brief　revolutionary　government.

［5］　Naval　Limitation　Treaties《海军武器装备限制条约》Treaties　included　in　the　Treaty　for　the　Limitation　of　Naval　Armament.　In　general，　the　treaties　involved　the　United　States，　the　United　Kingdom，　Japan　and　France.　The　treaties　came　into　effect　as　the　result　of　the　Washington　Disarmament　Conference，　held　by　the　U.S.　in　19211922.

［6］　the　Great　Depression经济大萧条（19291933）A　severe　worldwide　economic　depression　in　the　decade　preceding　World　War　II.　The　timing　of　the　Great　Depression　varied　across　nations，　but　in　most　countries　it　started　in　about　1929　and　lasted　until　the　late　1930s　or　early　1940s.　It　was　the　longest，　most　widespread　and　deepest　depression　of　the　20th　century.

［7］　police　action警察行动A　euphemism　in　military/security　studies　and　international　relations　for　a　military　action　undertaken　without　a　formal　declaration　of　war.

［8］　Islamic　Revolution伊朗伊斯兰革命The　19781979　Iranian　Islamic　Revolution　was　a　populist，　nationalist　revolution　that　replaced　an　ancient　monarchy.　Its　causes—why　the　Shah　（Mohammad　Reza　Pahlavi）　was　overthrown　and　why　he　was　replaced　by　an　Islamic　Republic—are　a　subject　of　historical　debate.

［9］　CPSU　Congress苏联共产党代表大会The　Congress　of　the　Communist　Party　of　the　Soviet　Union　was　the　gathering　of　the　delegates　of　the　Communist　Party　and　its　predecessors.　According　to　the　party　statute，　it　was　the　supreme　ruling　body　of　the　entire　Communist　Party.

［10］　Thucydides修昔底德（提出“修昔底德陷阱”说）A　Greek　historian　and　author.　He　has　also　been　called　the　father　of　the　school　of　political　realism，　which　views　the　relations　between　nations　as　based　on　might　rather　than　right.　His　text　is　still　studied　at　advanced　military　colleges　worldwide.

［11］　Alvin　Toffler阿尔文·托夫勒Born　on　October　4，　1928，　in　New　York　City.　He　is　an　American　writer　and　futurist，　known　for　his　works　discussing　the　digital　revolution，　communication　revolution，　corporate　revolution　and　technological　singularity.

MILITARY　TERMS

antisatellite　system　反卫星系统

arms　race　军备竞赛

aviation/eＩvＩeＩn/　n.　航空兵

Bradley　armored　vehicle　布莱德雷装甲车

cellular/seljl/communications　蜂窝式无线通信

longrange　highprecision　weapon　远距离高精准武器

militant/mＩlＩtnt/　n.　好斗者，富有战斗精神的人

military　establishment　军事机构，军种

stealth/stel/fighter　隐形战斗机

terrorist　assault/slt/　恐怖主义袭击

warhead/whed/　n.　弹头

NEW　WORDS

analogue/nl/　n.　something　that　bears　an　analogy　to　something　else　类似物

approximate/prksＩmt/　v.　come　close　to　近似，接近

biotech/baＩtek/　n.　biotechnology　生物技术

blueprint/bluprＩnt/　n.　a　detailed　plan　of　action　蓝图

clash/kl/　n.　a　conflict　冲突

collision/klＩn/　n.　a　crash　or　conflict　冲突

cosmic/kzmＩk/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　the　universe　宇宙的

creditor/kredＩt/　n.　one　to　whom　money　or　its　equivalent　is　owed　债权人

decipher/dＩsaＩf/　v.　read　or　interpret　破译，辨认

détente/deＩtnt/　n.　a　relaxing　or　easing　of　tension　between　rivals　缓和，改善

dissemblance/dＩsemblns/　n.　the　hide　of　real　feelings　or　intentions　虚饰，伪装

distinction/dＩstＩkn/　n.　the　condition　or　fact　of　being　dissimilar　or　distinct;　difference　区别

divert/daＩvt/　vt.　distract　使转移，分散

endeavour/Ｉndev/　v.　strive　to　achieve　or　reach　尝试，努力

entitle/ＩntaＩtl/　v.　（usually　passive）　give　a　title　to　a　book，　play，　etc.　给……命名

extrapolation/ＩkstrpleＩn/　n.　the　estimation　or　formation　of　an　opinion　using　the　facts　that　you　have　now　and　that　are　valid　for　one　situation　推断

fathead/fthed/　n.　a　person　regarded　as　stupid　傻瓜

figurative/fＩrtＩv/　adj.　based　on　or　making　use　of　figures　of　speech　形象的，比喻的

friction/frＩkn/　n.　the　rubbing　of　one　object　or　surface　against　another；　conflict　摩擦，冲突

fruity/fruti/　adj.　tasting　or　smelling　richly　of　or　as　if　of　fruit　有果味的

futurologist/fjutrldＩst/　n.　a　person　who　is　an　expert　in　futurology　未来学家

genome/dinm/　n.　a　complete　set　of　chromosomes　with　its　associated　genes　基因组

grip/grＩp/　v.　①　（of　an　emotion　or　a　situation）　have　a　powerful　effect　on　sb./sth.　对……产生强有力的影响　②　hold　sth.　tightly　紧握

groundbreaking/randbreＩkＩ/　adj.　characterized　by　originality　and　innovation　开创性的，突破性的

guerilla/gerＩl/　n.　a　member　of　a　small　group　of　soldiers　who　are　not　part　of　an　official　army　and　who　fight　against　official　soldiers,　usually　to　try　to　change　the　government　游击队员

humiliatingly/hjumＩlＩeＩtＩli/　adv.　in　the　way　that　make　sb.　feel　ashamed　and　lose　the　respect　of　other　people　丢脸地

hydrogen/haＩdrdn/　n.　a　colorless，　highly　flammable　gaseous　element，　the　lightest　of　all　gases　氢

ideological/aＩdildＩkl/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　ideology　or　ideas　意识形态的，思想体系的

implosion/Ｉmpln/　n.　a　violent　collapse　inward（组织体系）　突然崩溃

insight/ＩnsaＩt/　n.　the　capacity　to　see　into　a　situation　理解，领悟

inspiration/ＩnspreＩn/　n.　①　stimulation　of　the　mind　or　emotions　to　a　high　level　of　feeling　or　activity灵感　②　a　sudden　inspired　creative　act　of　idea　鼓舞

insurgency/Ｉnsdnsi/　n.　an　attempt　to　take　control　of　a　country　by　force　起义，叛乱，造反

issue/Ｉu/　v.　be　circulated　or　published;　publish　发行

landscape/lndskeＩp/　n.　an　expanse　of　scenery　that　can　be　seen　in　a　single　view　景色，风景

monarchic/mnkＩk/　adj.　connected　with　a　ruler　or　with　the　system　of　government　by　a　king　or　queen　君主政体的

motivation/mtＩveＩn/　n.　something　that　motivates;　an　inducement　or　incentive　动机

nanotechnology/nnteknldi/　n.　the　science　and　technology　of　building　electronic　circuits　and　devices　from　single　atoms　and　molecules　纳米技术

noteworthy/ntwi/　adj.　deserving　notice　or　attention　值得注意的是

notorious/ntrＩs/　adj.　wellknown　for　being　bad　臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的

painstaking/peＩnzteＩkＩ/　adj.　marked　by　or　requiring　great　pains;　very　careful　and　diligent　勤劳的，专注的

parallel/prlel/　n.　one　that　closely　resembles　or　is　analogous　to　another　相似处，相似的事物

perception/psepn/　n.　the　process，　act　or　ability　of　perceiving　感知，看法

plausibly/plzbli/　adv.　reasonably　有道理地

prototype/prttaＩp/　n.　an　original　type，　form　or　instance　that　serves　as　a　model　on　which　later　stages　are　based　or　judged　原型，雏形

qualitative/kwlＩttＩv/　adj.　of，　relating　to，　or　concerning　quality　质量的，性质上的

reputed/rＩpjutＩd/　adj.　（to　be　sth./　to　have　done　sth)　generally　thought　to　be　sth　or　to　have　done　sth,　although　this　is　not　certain　所谓的，号称的

retaliation/rＩtlＩeＩn/　n.　action　that　a　person　takes　against　sb.　who　has　harmed　them　in　some　way　报复

rhetorical/rＩtrＩkl/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　rhetoric　修辞的

robotics/rbtＩks/　n.　the　science　of　designing　and　operating　robots　机器人技术

sapless/splＩs/　adj.　①　lacking　spirit　or　energy　无趣的　②　dry　干的

sentiment/sentＩmnt/　n.　①　an　opinion　about　a　specific　matter　意见，观点　②　a　cast　of　mind　情绪

simplistic/sＩmplＩstＩk/　adj.　making　a　problem，　situation，　etc.　seem　less　difficult　or　complicated　than　it　really　is　过分简单化的

span/spn/　n.　a　period　of　time　一段时间

spectacularly/spektkjlli/　adv.　impressively　引人注意地，惊人地

suppress/spres/　vt.　（of　a　government,　ruler,　etc.)　put　an　end,　often　by　force,　to　a　group　or　an　activity　that　is　believed　to　threaten　authority　镇压，（武力）平定

surpass/sps/　vt.　go　beyond;　exceed　超过，优于

surrender/srend/　n.　the　act　of　giving　oneself　up，　as　to　an　enemy　投降

transfer/trnsf/　n.　the　conveyance　or　removal　of　something　from　one　place，　person　or　thing　to　another　转移，转让

unfold/nfld/　v.　open　and　spread　out　展现，展开

unpredictability/nprＩdＩktbＩlti/　n.　the　state　of　not　being　able　to　be　predicted　不可预知性

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　along　within　addition　to　sb./sth.;　in　the　same　way　as　sb./sth.　除……以外（还）,与……同样的

2.　break　out（of　war,　fighting　or　other　unpleasant　events)　to　start　suddenly　突然开始,爆发

3.　count　on/upontrust　sb.　to　do　sth.　or　to　be　sure　that　sth.　will　happen　指望，依靠

4.　fall　aparthave　so　many　problems　that　it　is　no　longer　possible　to　exist　or　function　瓦解

5.　in　casebecause　of　the　possibility　of　sth.　happening　假使

6.　in　the　way　ofas　a　form　of　sth;　for　sth;　as　a　means　of　sth　作为……的形式，为了，作为……的手段

7.　in　this　respectin　this　particular　aspect　在这方面

8.　look　intoexamine　sth.　深入调查，研究

9.　tail　on/along　behindfollow　closely　跟随，尾随

10.　with　reference　toused　to　say　what　you　are　talking　or　writing　about　关于

PROPER　NAMES

Bill　Gates　比尔·盖茨（微软公司创始人、董事长兼首席执行官）

Google　谷歌（著名搜索引擎）

GPS（Global　Position　System)　全球定位系统

Indochina/ＩndtaＩn/　印度支那（通常指印度支那半岛东部的越南、老挝和柬埔寨三国)

Islamic/ＩzlmＩk/　伊斯兰的,伊斯兰教的

James　N.　Mattis　詹姆斯·N.　马蒂斯（美军海军陆战队上将，美军中央司令部司令，2007—2010年任美军联合司令部司令，2017—任美国国防部长）

Korean　War（19501953）　朝鲜战争

Marxism　Leninism/maksＩzm/,/lenＩnＩzm/　马克思列宁主义

Napoleon　Ⅲ（18081873）/npljn/　拿破仑三世（法兰西第二帝国创立者）

Saddam　萨达姆（伊拉克前总统）

Salvador/slvd/　萨尔瓦多（中美洲一国家）

Shah//　伊朗国王（伊朗巴列维亲王）

South　Vietnam/vＩtnm/　越南共和国

Tehran/tern/　德黑兰（伊朗的首都和最大城市）

the　British　Empire　大英帝国

the　Far　East　远东（西方国家对亚洲最东部地区的称呼）

the　Soviet　Union　苏联

the　Vietnam　Campaign　越南战役

USSR（Union　of　Soviet　Socialist　Republics)　苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟，简称苏联

Warsaw　Pact　华沙条约组织

EXERCISES

Ⅰ.　Reading　Comprehension

Section　A

Directions:　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1.　Whats　the　main　idea　of　“The　Joint　Operative　Environment　2008”?

2.　What　are　the　issues　the　JFCOMs　study　addresses?

3.　Why　should　the　advice　of　Sun　Tzu—to　thoroughly　study　oneself,　and　then　study　the　enemy　with　similar　painstaking　efforts—be　followed?

4.　How　do　the　JOE　authors　predict　the　changes　in　the　oncoming　quarter　of　the　XXI　century?

5.　According　to　the　passage,　why　is　JOE　a　valuable　document　for　Russians?

Section　B

Directions:　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　The　Joint　Operative　Environment　2008　is　signed　by　the　Commander　of　Joint　Forces　Command.

2.　Russia　has　an　agency　similar　to　Joint　Forces　Command.

3.　JOE　predicts　that　the　U.S.　military　forces　will　have　to　fight　with　Islamic　terrorists.

4.　The　authors　of　JOE　believe　that　the　U.S.　will　engage　in　the　war　for　more　than　once.

5.　According　to　JOE，　the　future　war　will　be　predictable.

6.　To　grasp　the　change　in　time，　politicians　should　try　to　estimate　the　future　situation　according　to　the　current　events.

7.　During　the　Grenada　operation，　the　U.S.　military　cooperated　poorly　among　its　troops.

8.　In　1930，　the　British　perceived　the　USSR　and　Japan　as　its　enemies.

9.　The　U.S.　Army　was　called　as　a　“hollow　force”　because　of　its　failure　in　the　Vietnam　Campaign.

10.　In　the　1980s，　PCs　were　not　widely　used　by　the　militaries　in　the　world.

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　given　below.　Make　changes　where　necessary.

prototype

surpass

painstaking

notorious

noteworthy

endeavor

plausibly

distinction

spectacularly

suppress

1.　The　military　operation　had　been　planned　with　attention　to　detail.

2.　This　graphic　helps　to　explain　the　various　systems　of　government,　and　sheds　light　on　some　of　the　worlds　most　and　longestruling　national　leaders.

3.　At　a　court　martial（军事法庭），　he　argued　very　that　his　claims　were　true.

4.　Metalwheeled　chariots（战车）are　the　of　the　tanks　of　modern　warfare.

5.　It　is　our　duty　still　to　to　avoid　war;　but　if　it　shall　actually　take　place，　we　must　defend　ourselves.

6.　It　is　that　these　commissioning　officers　find　pleasure　in　many　mathematical　problems.

7.　In　the　International　Military　Competition，　the　members　of　the　Special　Forces　all　their　rivals.

8.　They　supplied　and　trained　the　security　and　intelligence　forces,　and　even　helped　the　government　an　uprising.

9.　In　terms　of　human　rights,　the　country　makes　no　between　men　and　women.

10.　No　one　rises　in　the　military　field　as　as　he　did,　although　he　was　without　political　skills.

Section　B

Directions:　Complete　the　following　sentences　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

1.　As　you　had　seen　the　first　protests,　did　you　think　that　similar　demonstrations　might　eventually　?

2.　They　were　the　speech　of　the　learned　general　providing　them　an　insight　into　the　problems　of　military　higher　education.

3.　The　country　is　preparing　in　its　energy，　financial，　political，　strategic，　operational　and　technological　fields　its　adversary　launches　a　strike.

4.　A　private　detective　had　been　the　criminal　for　several　weeks.

5.　Military　officials　from　the　Democratic　Peoples　Republic　of　Korea　started　to　South　Korea　owned　properties.

6.　The　country　would　，　if　civil　war　intensified.

7.　The　uniform　photographs　and　the　soldiers　stories　are　now　on　exhibit　at　the　Museum　of　Soldiers　located　in　Portland.

8.　To　finish　the　term　paper，　he　is　collecting　materials　the　Vietnam　War.

Ⅲ.　Reading　Practice

Directions:　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

It　is　now　almost　two　years　since　the　European　Union　decided　to　go　ahead　with　plans　to　launch　a　satellitenavigation　network　to　rival　Americas　existing　Global　Positioning　System（GPS）.　For　much　of　this　time，　Galileo，　the　European　system，　met　with　strong　opposition　from　America.　However，　a　round　of　talks　last　November　seems　to　have　eased　American　concerns.　The　final　details　remained　to　be　negotiated　in　talks，　but　the　outlook　for　an　agreement　was　good.

The　core　of　the　disagreement　between　the　E.U.　and　America　was　whether　the　signals　from　the　two　competing　systems　might　interfere　with　one　another.　More　specifically，　the　Americans　wanted　the　ability　to　jam　Galileo　without　rendering　GPS　signals　ineffective.　The　agreement　reached　in　November　was　the　first　step　in　this　direction.　In　return　for　the　modification　of　Galileos　signals，　the　Americans　agreed　to　give　Europe　technical　assistance　in　developing　Galileo，　and　make　sure　that　the　third　generation　of　GPS，　to　be　carried　out　in　2012，　will　conform　to　Galileos　standards.　This　will　aid　the　interoperability（互用性）of　the　two　systems，　which　is　a　commercial　goal　of　both　sides.　It　will　also，　in　principle，　give　the　Europeans　the　ability　to　jam　the　American　signals　in　the　event　of　a　crisis　in　which　the　two　sides　interests　differ.

There　is　a　bewildering　array　of　different　sorts　of　signals　involved　in　each　network.　GPS　currently　has　two，　a　civilian　channel　known　as　C/A　and　a　military　one，　Y　channel.　Plans　for　an　additional　military　channel，　called　M　code，　are　in　the　works（在酝酿中).　Galileo　will　debut（初次公开）　with　five　different　signals:　one　freely　available　to　all;　a　commercial　service　which　is　more　precise;　a　“safetyoflife”　service　that　can　be　used　for　critical　applications;　a　“public　regulated　service（PRS）”　which　will　be　used　by　the　E.U.s　governments;　and　a　fifth　service　that　combines　positioning　information　with　a　distress　beacon（求救信号)，　which　could　be　used　by　ships　at　sea.　The　negotiations　in　November　resolved　a　conflict　between　Americas　M　code　and　the　European　PRS.　What　remains　is　to　harmonize　Galileos　free　signal　with　the　M　code.

Both　systems　rely　on　signals　precisely　timed　from　atomic　clocks　carried　by　the　satellites.　A　user　looks　at　the　time　on　at　least　four　satellites，　and　triangulates（作三角测试）　between　them　to　find　his　position.　Differences　in　the　details　of　the　different　signals　are　what　make　the　fees　of　applications.　Some　are　more　precise　than　others，　and　they　also　have　different　levels　of　encryption　to　prevent　unauthorized　users　from　accessing　them.

1.　What　can　be　inferred　from　the　first　paragraph?

（A）　The　E.U.　and　the　U.S.　are　always　having　disagreements　on　almost　everything.

（B）　The　U.S.　becomes　an　enemy　of　the　E.U.　because　of　their　satellite　network.

（C）　The　talks　between　the　E.U.　and　the　U.S.　have　resulted　in　a　complete　agreement.

（D）　Even　though　disagreement　still　exists　between　the　E.U.　and　the　U.S.，　agreement　can　be　expected.

2.　Why　did　the　Americans　agree　to　offer　Europe　some　technical　help?

（A）　The　E.U.　promised　to　give　the　U.S.　financial　aids　if　the　U.S.　helps　them　technically.

（B）　The　E.U.s　new　system　is　not　good　enough　to　compete　with　that　of　the　U.S.

（C）　The　E.U.　agreed　to　slightly　change　the　signals　of　their　satellite　system.

（D）　The　E.U.　promised　to　put　off　the　launching　of　their　satellite　system.

3.　What　is　the　basic　reason　behind　the　launching　of　the　E.U.s　Galileo　system?

（A）　The　E.U.　wants　to　create　more　job　opportunities　for　its　unemployed.

（B）　The　E.U.　wants　to　make　more　money　from　the　system.

（C）　The　E.U.　wants　to　be　ahead　of　the　U.S.　in　terms　of　hightech.

（D）　The　E.U.　wants　to　win　an　information　edge　over　the　U.S.　when　necessary.

4.　Which　of　the　following　is　TRUE　according　to　Paragraph　3?

（A）　The　U.S.　already　has　three　satellite　channels　in　use:　G/A，　Y　channel　and　M　code.

（B）　The　Galileo　system　will　have　five　more　different　channels　for　use　in　the　future.

（C）　The　American　C/A　is　different　from　the　E.U.s　PRS　in　function.

（D）　The　American　GPS　has　more　commercial　usage　than　Galileo.

5.　What　does　the　word　“encryption”　（Line　5，　Para.　4）　possibly　mean?

（A）　Using　of　various　signals　for　communication.

（B）　Writing　message　or　information　in　secret　code.

（C）　Automatically　operated　positioning　system.

（D）　Accuracy　checking　device　for　communication.

Ⅳ.　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese.

NATOs　definition　of　doctrine，　used　unaltered　by　many　member　nations，　is　“Fundamental　principles　by　which　the　military　forces　guide　their　actions　in　support　of　objectives.”　It　is　authoritative　but　requires　judgment　in　application.　Doctrine　seeks　to　provide　a　common　conceptual　framework　for　a　military　service:　What　the　service　perceives　itself　to　be　（“Who　are　we?”），　what　its　mission　is　（“What　do　we　do?”），　how　the　mission　is　to　be　carried　out　（“How　do　we　do　that?”），　how　the　mission　has　been　carried　out　in　history　（“How　did　we　do　that　in　the　past?”）　and　other　questions.

Section　B

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English.

当前，世界新军事变革的浪潮更加迅猛，军事领域正孕育着更大的突破。现有的军事概念和军事理论已不能概括和诠释当今军事实践的发展，我们迫切需要着眼于军事科技和装备的新发展等军事领域的新变化，不断作出新概括，创立新理论，以实践基础上的理论创新来指导军事实践的创新发展。

Ⅴ.　Writing　Practice

Directions:　Search　in　the　Internet　2018　U.S.　National　Defense　Strategy,　and　then　Write　a　composition　according　to　the　outline　given　below　with　no　less　than　200　words　to　explain　your　understanding　of　the　new　U.S.　National　Defense　Strategy.

1.　美国2018国防战略主要内容；

2.　这份战略的建议；

3.　研究这份战略的意义。

Text　B

New　Military　Doctrine:America　Is　“Looking　for　Enemies”

1The　new　United　States　military　doctrine　“Sustaining　U.S.　Global　Leadership:　Priorities　for　21st　Century　Defence,”　officially　unveiled　in　January，　is　a　clear　indication　that　Washingtons　focus　has　once　again　shifted　to　China　and　the　AsiaPacific　region.　The　U.S.　had　not　really　shifted　its　gaze　away　from　the　region　as　it　fought　wars　in　Iraq　and　Afghanistan.　Nearly　half　of　U.S.　Air　Force　F　22　jet　fighters　have　been　based　in　the　AsiaPacific　region.　Two　U.S.　aircraft　carriers　have　always　been　around　in　the　region.　As　many　as　22，000　U.S.　troops　are　permanently　based　in　South　Korea.　In　the　2006　Quadrennial　Review［1］，　the　Pentagon　had　allocated　six　aircraft　carriers　and　60　percent　of　the　U.S.　submarines　to　the　Pacific.　Washington　had　approved　a　6　billion　arms　deal　with　Taiwan　despite　strenuous　objections　from　China.　Before　the　new　Pentagon　strategy　was　announced，　the　U.S.　President　announced　the　permanent　stationing　of　U.S.　troops　in　Australia.

2But　with　the　occupation　of　Iraq　over　and　the　windingdown　process　in　Afghanistan　beginning，　the　U.S.　wants　to　identify　new　enemies　to　fight.　American　economic　and　security　interests，　the　2012　Pentagon　document　emphasizes，　are　“inextricably　linked　to　developments　in　the　arc　extending　from　the　Western　Pacific　to　East　Asia　into　the　Indian　Ocean　and　South.”　The　U.S.，　according　to　the　new　doctrine，　“will　have　to　necessarily　rebalance　towards　the　AsiaPacific　region.”

3The　U.S.　President，　who　was　present　when　the　document　was　released　on　January　5，　made　it　a　point　to　remind　the　world　that　though　the　defence　budget　had　been　trimmed，　U.S.　defence　spending　would　still　continue　to　remain　higher　than　the　combined　defence　budgets　of　the　next　14　biggest　militaries　in　the　world.　“Over　the　next　10　years，　the　growth　of　the　defence　budget　will　slow，　but　the　fact　of　the　matter　is　this:　It　will　still　grow，”　he　told　the　media　in　Washington.

4The　latest　Pentagon　doctrine　identifies　China　as　the　enemy　the　U.S.　will　have　to　confront.　“Over　the　long　term，　Chinas　emergence　as　a　regional　power　will　have　the　potential　to　affect　the　U.S.　economy　and　our　security　in　a　variety　of　ways...The　U.S.　will　continue　to　make　a　variety　of　investments　to　ensure　that　we　maintain　regional　access　and　the　ability　to　operate　freely，”　the　document　states.　“The　growth　of　Chinas　military　power　must　be　accompanied　by　greater　clarity　of　its　strategic　intentions　in　order　to　avoid　causing　friction　in　the　region.”　Though　U.S.　officials　keep　on　harping　about　the　China　threat，　they　do　concede　that　the　country　is　far　away　from　achieving　any　kind　of　parity　in　military　capabilities　with　the　U.S.

5The　document　goes　on　to　highlight　the　U.S.　governments　continuing　efforts　to　forge　even　stronger　military　alliances　with　Japan，　South　Korea，　the　Philippines　and　Indonesia.　Efforts　are　currently　under　way　to　rope　in　India　and　Vietnam　into　the　anti　China　alliance.　The　document　singles　out　India，　describing　it　as　“a　regional　anchor　and　a　provider　of　security　for　the　broader　Indian　Ocean　region.”　The　U.S.　military　has　been　carrying　out　joint　exercises　with　their　Indian　and　Vietnamese　counterparts　for　some　years　now.

6The　U.S.　has　lifted　a　ban　on　military　cooperation　with　Indonesias　“Kompas”　Special　Forces.　Many　of　the　other　countries　in　the　region，　such　as　Singapore，　Thailand，　the　Philippines　and　Australia，　have　been　military　allies　of　the　U.S.　for　a　long　time.　Another　of　Chinas　neighbours，　Myanmar，　seems　to　be　rushing　into　a　strategic　embrace　with　the　West.

7The　U.S.　wants　the　Pacific　to　remain　an　“American　lake”　and　at　the　same　time　ensure　free　access　to　its　warships　through　the　key　choke　points　in　Asia，　whether　it　is　the　Strait　of　Hormuz　or　the　Strait　of　Malacca.　The　new　Pentagon　document　on　several　occasions　mentions　the　U.S.　determination　to　ensure　the　“free　flow　of　goods”　and　“access　to　the　global　commons.”　Shortly　after　its　release，　an　influential　American　think　tank　close　to　the　Obama　administration，　the　Center　for　a　New　American　Security（CNAS）［2］，　called　on　Washington　to　pursue　a　policy　of　“cooperative　primacy　”　in　the　South　China　Sea　to　preserve　the　freedom　of　navigation　and　the　independence　of　smaller　countries　in　the　region.

8Dating　back　to　2010，　U.S.　Secretary　of　State　Hillary　Clinton　signalled　that　Washington　was　once　again　starting　to　refocus　its　attention　seriously　on　containing　China.　She　declared　that　the　U.S.　had　a　“national　interest”　in　the　South　China　Sea　and　was　prepared　to　mediate　in　the　territorial　disputes　that　China　was　embroiled　in　with　its　smaller　neighbours.

9The　South　China　Sea，　which　stretches　across　more　than　one　million　square　miles，　connects　the　Indian　Ocean　with　the　South　Pacific.　It　has　vital　shipping　lanes　and　huge　amounts　of　untapped　oil　and　gas.　If　the　U.S.　and　its　allies　are　able　to　exert　control　over　the　South　China　Sea，　it　will　then　be　easy　to　mount　an　effective　naval　blockade　of　China.

10The　Chinese　Defence　Ministry　spokesman，　Geng　Yansheng，　said　that　the　accusations　levelled　against　China　in　the　Pentagon　document　were　“totally　baseless.”　He　stressed　that　Chinas　“peaceful　development”　presented　opportunities　rather　than　challenges　to　the　international　community.　He　expressed　the　hope　that　the　U.S.　would　deal　with　China　and　the　Chinese　military　“in　an　objective　and　rational　way.”

11Peoples　Liberation　Army　Daily　published　an　article　by　a　senior　army　officer，　Major　General　Luo　Yuan，　accusing　the　U.S.　of　targeting　China.　“Casting　our　eyes　around，　we　can　see　that　the　U.S.　has　been　bolstering　its　five　major　military　alliances　in　the　AsiaPacific　region　and　is　adjusting　the　positioning　of　its　five　major　military　base　clusters，　while　also　seeking　more　entry　rights　for　military　bases　around　China，”　he　wrote.　The　stateowned　Xinhua　News　Agency　advised　the　Obama　administration　“to　abstain　from　flexing　its　muscles.”

12U.S.　troops　may　have　left　Iraq，　but　the　policymakers　in　Washington　aim　to　maintain　their　vicelike　grip　on　the　oil　resources　of　the　region.　“U.S.　policy　will　emphasize　Gulf　security，”　the　new　military　strategy　states.　There　are　no　proposals　to　wind　up　the　American　military　bases　in　the　region　or　reduce　the　number　of　troops　based　in　the　Gulf　countries　aligned　to　the　U.S.

13The　Pentagon　recently　answered　an　Iranian　warning　to　keep　U.S.　aircraft　carriers　out　of　the　Persian　Gulf［3］　by　declaring　that　American　warships　would　continue　regularly　scheduled　deployments　to　the　strategic　waterway.　Obama　has　been　paying　lip　service　to　the　“Arab　Spring”［4］　but　bolstering　authoritarian　regimes　like　Saudi　Arabia.　The　U.S.　weapons　deal　with　Saudi　Arabia　last　year　has　been　described　as　the　biggest　in　history.　The　defence　document　details　the　importance　of　the　Gulf　states［5］in　the　looming　confrontation　with　Iran.　U.S.　Defence　Secretary　Leon　Panetta，　speaking　during　the　release　of　the　Pentagon　document，　asserted　that　the　U.S.　army　was　well　prepared　to　fight　simultaneous　land　wars　in　Iran　and　the　Korean　Peninsula.

14American　troops　remain　in　Germany，　Japan　and　Korea　though　the　Second　World　War　ended　more　than　70　years　ago.　The　U.S.　is　scouting　for　military　bases　in　Africa　and　Asia.　Then　there　is　the　threat　of　using　nuclear　weapons.　“Even　when　the　U.S.　forces　are　committed　to　largescale　operations　in　one　region，　they　will　be　capable　of　denying　the　objectives　of—or　imposing　unacceptable　costs　on—an　opportunistic　aggressor　in　a　second　region，”　the　Pentagon　doctrine　states.　The　document　has　clarified　that　“imposing　unacceptable　costs”　means　that　the　U.S.　“can　field　nuclear　forces　that　can　under　any　circumstances　confront　an　adversary　with　the　prospect　of　unacceptable　damage.”

15Obama　and　Trump　have　further　strengthened　the　“preemption　”　policy　that　the　Bush　administration　had　put　in　place　after　the　events　of　9/11.　This　policy　has　no　sanction　under　international　law.　Since　2001，　the　U.S.　has　bombed　and　invaded　countries　if　the　White　House　concludes　that　its　national　interests　are　at　stake.　The　Bush　administrations　Strategic　Plan　for　2007　12　aimed　to　“directly　confront　threats　to　national　or　international　security　from...　failed　or　failing　states.”　The　latest　Pentagon　document　states　that　the　U.S.　will　for　the　foreseeable　future　retain　the　right　“to　establish　control　over　ungoverned　territories，　and　directly　strike　the　most　dangerous　groups　and　individuals　when　necessary.”　The　U.S.，　appropriating　the　role　of　the　worlds　policeman，　will　of　course　retain　the　right　to　determine　which　are　the　individuals，　dangerous　groups　and　countries　that　have　to　be　targeted.　This　policy　of　preemption　is　already　being　witnessed　in　Somalia,　Yemen　and　Syria.

16In　Iran，　the　government　has　blamed　the　Central　Intelligence　Agency（CIA）　for　targeting　its　nuclear　scientists.　According　to　many　reports，　the　U.S.　Army　had　a　role　in　the　killing　of　Libyan　leader　Muammar　Qaddafi.

17The　Pentagons　goal　of　fighting　“two　wars”　concurrently　will　entail　the　increased　use　of　military　drones　and　“precision　strategic　bombing.　”　The　U.S.　has　announced　that　it　plans　to　deploy　seabased　drones　in　the　Pacific　by　2018.　A　new　generation　of　seabased　drones　being　developed　by　the　U.S.　will　be　able　to　operate　2，500　km　away　from　the　carrier，　putting　the　ships　out　of　harms　way.　The　U.S.　has　already　started　training　more　pilots　to　operate　drones　than　to　fly　conventional　fighters　and　bombers.

18Pentagon　budget　figures　show　that　the　U.S.　spent　5　billion　on　drones.　In　2002，　the　U.S.　military　spent　only　550　million　on　the　technology.　The　use　of　drones，　known　as　“the　messengers　of　death”　in　places　where　they　have　wreaked　havoc，　has　gone　up　significantly　in　recent　decade.　According　to　statistics　published　in　Der　Spiegel，　the　current　U.S.　President　despatches　a　missileequipped　drone　into　action　once　every　four　days.　During　the　Bush　presidency，　the　average　was　one　drone　in　47　days.

（1,577　words）

NOTES

［1］　Quadrennial　Review《四年防务评估》The　Quadrennial　Defense　Review　is　a　study　by　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense　that　analyzes　strategic　objectives　and　potential　military　threats.　The　Quadrennial　Defense　Review　Report　is　the　main　public　document　describing　the　United　States　military　doctrine.

［2］　the　Center　for　a　New　American　Security（CNAS）新美国安全中心A　Washington，　D.C.　based　think　tank　established　in　2007　by　cofounders　Michèle　Flournoy　and　Kurt　M.　Campbell　which　specializes　in　U.S.　national　security　issues.

［3］　the　Persian　Gulf波斯湾Located　in　Western　Asia　between　Iran（Persia）　and　the　Arabian　Peninsula,　it　is　an　extension　of　the　Indian　Ocean.　The　Persian　Gulf　was　the　focus　of　the　1980　1988　IranIraq　War.

［4］　Arab　Spring阿拉伯之春A　revolutionary　wave　of　demonstrations　and　protests　occurring　in　the　Arab　world　that　began　on　December　18,　2010.

［5］　the　Gulf　states波斯湾阿拉伯国家（海湾国家）Also　known　as　Arab　states　of　the　Persian　Gulf，　referring　to　the　six　Arab　states　bordering　the　Persian　Gulf，　Saudi　Arabia，　United　Arab　Emirates，　Qatar，　Kuwait，　Bahrain　and　Oman.

MILITARY　TERMS

choke/tk/　point　阻塞点，交通枢纽点

contain/knteＩn/　v.　牵制，扼制

defence　budget　国防预算

F　22　jet　fighter　美F22喷气式战斗机

land　war　地面战争

military　alliance/laＩns/　军事同盟

military　base　cluster/klst/　军事基地群

military　drone/drn/　军用无人机

missileequipped　装备导弹的

naval　blockade/blkeＩd/　海上封锁，海军封锁

precision　strategic　bombing　精确战略轰炸

seabased　drone　海基无人机

station/steＩn/v.　驻军

NEW　WORDS

abstain/bsteＩn/　v.　①　choose　not　to　use　a　vote　弃权　②　stay　away　from　sth.　离开，回避

accusation/kjuzeＩn/　n.　an　act　of　accusing　or　the　state　of　being　accused　责备，谴责

allocate/lkeＩt/　vt.　set　apart　for　a　special　purpose;　designate　分配，分派

anchor/k/　n.　a　source　of　security　or　stability　依靠，支柱

appropriate/prprit/　v.　take　sth,　sbs　ideas,　etc.　for　your　own　use,　especially　illegally　or　without　permission　盗用，挪用

arc/k/　n.　something　shaped　like　a　curve　or　an　arch　拱形物

assert/st/　v.　state　or　express　positively;　affirm　断言

authoritarian/rＩterin/　adj.　characterized　by　or　favoring　absolute　obedience　to　authority，　as　against　individual　freedom　独裁主义的

baseless/beＩsls/　adj.　having　no　basis　or　foundation　in　fact　无事实基础的，无理由的

concede/knsid/　v.　admit，　often　reluctantly，　as　being　true，　just　or　proper　承认

concurrently/knkrntli/　adv.　at　the　same　time　同时地

despatch/dＩspt/　vt.　relegate　to　a　specific　destination　or　send　on　specific　business　派遣，发送

embrace/ＩmbreＩs/　n.　a　hug　拥抱

entail/ＩnteＩl/　vt.　have，　impose　or　require　as　a　necessary　accompaniment　or　consequence　承担，伴随，需要

havoc/hvk/　n.　①　widespread　destruction　大范围的破坏　②　devastation　浩劫

inextricably/ＩnekstrＩkbli/　adv.　in　an　inextricable　（too　closely　linked　to　be　separated)　manner　不可分开地,密不可分地

lane/leＩn/　n.　a　prescribed　course　for　ships　or　aircraft　航道

looming/lumＩ/　adj.　appearing　important　or　threatening　and　likely　to　happen　soon　显得突出的，逼近的

opportunistic/ptjunＩstik/　adj.　making　use　of　an　opportunity,　especially　to　get　an　advantage　for　oneself　机会主义的，投机的

parity/prti/　n.　functional　equivalence　as　in　the　weaponry　or　military　strength　of　adversaries　势均力敌，相当

preemption/pri（）empn/　n.　prior　seizure　of　or　claim　to　something，　such　as　property　先占，先发制人

primacy/praＩmsi/　n.　the　state　of　being　first　or　foremost　第一或首先的状态

sanction/skn/　n.　authoritative　permission　or　approval　that　makes　a　course　of　action　valid　批准，认可

strenuous/strenjｕs/　adj.　①　needing　great　effort　and　energy　费力的，艰苦的　②　showing　great　energy　and　determination　奋力的，顽强的

trim/trＩm/　vt.　remove　（excess）　by　cutting　削减

untapped/ntpt/　adj.　not　utilized　未被利用的

unveil/nveＩl/　v.　①　show　or　introduce　a　new　plan,　product,　etc.　to　the　public　for　the　first　time　展示，介绍，推出　②　remove　a　cover　or　curtain　from　a　painting,　statue,　etc.　so　that　it　can　be　seen　in　public　for　the　first　time　为……揭幕，揭开覆盖物

vicelike/vaＩslaＩk/　adj.　very　firm　紧紧的

windingdown/waＩndＩdan/　n.　a　gradual　reduction　in　activity　as　sth.　comes　to　an　end　逐步减少至终止，逐步结束

wreak/rik/　vt.　do　great　damage　or　harm　to　sb./sth.　造成巨大破坏或伤害

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　be　aligned　to/with...change　sth.　lightly　so　that　it　is　in　the　correct　relationship　to　sth.　else　使一致

2.　embroil　sb./oneself（in　sth.）involve　sb.　in　an　argument　or　a　difficult　situation　使卷入，陷入，纠缠

3.　flex　ones　musclesshow　others　how　powerful　one　is，　especially　as　a　warning　or　threat　显示实力，炫耀力量

4.　go　upbecome　higher　上涨，上升

5.　harp　about/onkeep　talking　about　唠叨

6.　impose　sth.　on　sb.introduce　a　new　law，　rule，　etc.;　force　sb./sth.　to　have　to　deal　with　sth.　that　is　difficult　or　unpleasant　强制实行，把……强加于

7.　level　sth.　against　sb.say　publicly　that　sb.　is　to　blame　for　sth，　especially　a　crime　or　a　mistake　公开指责，谴责

8.　lift　a　ban　on...remove　or　end　restrictions　of　sth.　解除禁令

9.　mediate　in　sth.try　to　end　a　disagreement　between　two　or　more　people　or　groups　by　talking　to　them　and　trying　to　find　things　that　everyone　can　agree　on　调停，调解

10.　out　of　harms　wayin　a　safe　place　where　sb./sth.　cannot　be　hurt　or　injured　or　do　any　damage　to　sb./sth.　在安全的地方，被隔离

11.　pay　lip　service　tosay　approval　of　sth.　without　proving　it　by　what　they　do　（说）应酬话

12.　put...　in　placeget　ready　for　sth.;get　ready　to　work　准备妥当，准备就绪

13.　rope　in　sb.persuade　sb.　to　help　说服……帮忙

14.　rush　into　sth.do　sth.　without　thinking　about　it　carefully　仓促行事

15.　single　outchoose　sth.　and　give　them　special　attention　or　treatment　单独挑出，特别选出

16.　under　wayhaving　started　and　making　progress　进行中的，已开始的

PROPER　NAMES

Bush　administration　小布什政府

Der　Spiegel　《明镜周刊》（德国最主要的新闻周刊）

East　Asia　东亚

Geng　Yansheng　耿雁生（中国国防部前新闻发言人）

Hillary　Clinton　希拉里·克林顿（美国第76任国务卿）

Indonesia/Ｉndnizj/　印度尼西亚（东南亚国家）

Iranian/ＩreＩnjn/　伊朗的

“Kompas”　Special　Forces　（一般称为Kopassus）印尼“红色贝雷帽”特种部队

Libyan/lＩbjn/　利比亚（北非国家）

Luo　Yuan　罗援（中国少将）

Muammar　Qaddafi　卡扎菲（利比亚前领导人）

Myanmar/mjnm（r）/　缅甸（东南亚国家）

Saudi　Arabia/sdＩ　reＩbj/　沙特阿拉伯（西亚国家）

Singapore/sＩp/　新加坡（东南亚国家）

South　China　Sea　南中国海，中国南海

South　Korea　韩国

Strait　of　Hormuz/hmz/　霍尔木兹海峡（在伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间，连接波斯湾和阿曼湾）

Strait　of　Malacca/mlk/　马六甲海峡（在亚洲东南部马来半岛和印度尼西亚的苏门答腊岛之间，沟通太平洋和印度洋）

Strategic　Plan　for　2007—12　《2007—12年战略计划》

the　Philippines/fＩlＩpinz/　菲律宾（东南亚国家）

West　Pacific　西太平洋

Xinhua　News　Agency　新华社

Yemen/jemn/　也门（西亚国家）

EXERCISES

Ⅰ.　Reading　Comprehension

Direction:　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1.　What　does　the　new　U.S.　military　doctrine　indicate?

2.　Whats　the　main　content　of　the　latest　Pentagon　doctrine?

3.　Whats　the　purpose　of　the　new　U.S.　military　doctrine?

4.　Whats　the　response　of　China　to　the　new　U.S.　military　doctrine?

5.　How　will　the　U.S.　address　the　challenges　brought　about　by　the　new　military　doctrine?

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

1.　Israel　did　not　promise　the　United　States　that　it　would　a　from　attacking　Iran，　while　negotiations　are　going　on.

2.　Traditionally，　Switzerland　has　avoided　alliances　that　might　e　military，　political　or　direct　economic　action.

3.　The　Vietnam　War　w　havoc　on　lives　across　Vietnam　as　well　as　America，　tearing　apart　parents　and　children　and　husbands　and　wives.

4.　The　Arab　states　wont　d　troops　to　Iraq　under　the　U.S.　military　command.

5.　Russia　has　denied　a　NATO　request　to　a　10　million　for　the　support　of　the　Afghan　Army.

6.　In　American　annual　report　to　Congress，　its　a　of　Chinas　limited　transparency　in　military　and　security　affairs　is　totally　baseless.

7.　Parts　of　Europe　say　the　U.S.　should　not　have　gone　to　war　in　Iraq　without　a　United　Nations　s,　but　other　areas　of　the　world　recognize　Americas　contribution.

8.　Terrorism　and　other　l　dangers　can　only　be　defeated　via　technology，　intelligence　and　special　forces.

9.　The　nurse　who　joins　the　Army　Nurse　Corps　has　to　undergo　s　basic　training　before　working　at　a　base　hospital.

10.　A　problem　that　has　troubled　the　U.S.　Soviet　relationship　from　the　beginning　has　been　the　issue　of　p.

Section　B

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

out　of　harms　way

lip　service

under　way

be　aligned　to

mediate　in

harp　on/about

rush　into

single　out

lift　a　ban　on

in　place

rope　in

flex　ones　muscles

1.　The　government　of　that　western　country　paid　a　lot　of　to　the　freedom　of　the　press.

2.　More　than　two　million　protesters　joined　together　to　deliver　a　message　to　President　Bush—“Give　peace　a　chance　and　do　not　war　against　Iraq.”

3.　Once　Prince　Charles　an　Australian　soldier　for　his　bravery　in　Afghanistan　at　a　reception　to　celebrate　military　and　civilian　heroes　in　central　London.

4.　The　U.S.　negotiator　was　to　wind　up　a　highstakes（高风险的）　mission　to　North　Korea　aimed　at　persuading　it　not　to　restart　its　nuclear　weapons　program.

5.　The　U.S.　is　holding　joint　military　exercises　with　countries　bordering　the　South　China　Sea　in　an　attempt　to　.

6.　An　investigation　is　to　find　out　how　the　disaster　happened.

7.　Russias　president　has　opposed　air　strikes　on　Libya　from　the　start,　though　he　may　offer　to　that　conflict.

8.　All　the　arrangements　are　now　for　the　Presidents　visit.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening,　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening

Words　&　Expressions

aggression/ren/　n.　进攻，侵略

conventional/knvennl/　weapons　常规武器

eliminate/ＩlＩmＩneＩt/　v.　消除,去除

industrial　complex/kmpleks/　大工业中心

nuclear　arsenal/snl/　核军火库

offset/fset/　v.　抵消

repel/rＩpel/　vt.　击退，　抵制

reserve/rＩzv/　vt.　保留,保存

sphere/sfＩ/　n.　球，范围，领域，圈子

Proper　Names

Dmitry　Dedvedev　梅德韦杰夫（2008—2012俄罗斯联邦总统）

Deputy　Prime　Minister　副总理，副首相

Rogozin　罗戈津（俄罗斯联邦副总理，俄罗斯联邦驻北大西洋公约组织常驻代表）

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　The　new　Russian　military　doctrine　will　begin　before　the　end　of　2012.

2.　The　new　doctrine　will　determine　the　threats　perspectives.

3.　According　to　the　new　doctrine，　its　impossible　that　Russia　will　use　armed　forces　outside　the　country.

4.　According　to　its　current　doctrine,　Russia　reserves　its　right　to　use　nuclear　weapons.

5.　The　speaker　thinks　highly　of　the　Russian　new　military　doctrine.

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

1.　Rogozin　estimated　rather　it　will　be　a　concept　of　security，　with　prospects　for　（1）　and　determines　the　threats　perspectives，　（2）　to　the　country　and　preparing　military　response　to　（3）　them.

2.　In　current　doctrine，　Russia　reserves　the　right　to　use　nuclear　weapons　to　repel　（1）　with　equal　arms　or　offset　against　its　allies，　and　to　（2）　military　action　with　other　weapons　of　（3）　.

3.　The　design　approved　by　Medvedev，　at　the　time　believed　that　this　country　can　use　its　nuclear　arsenal　to　deal　with　（1）　，　could　endanger　the　very　（2）　of　the　Russian　state，　even　in　the　case　of　attacks　with　（3）　.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work)

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　of　Russias　new　military　doctrine　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

concept

response

defend

repel

block

Video　Watching　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

cement/sＩment/　v.　巩固，黏牢

demographic/demrfＩk/　adj.　人口统计学的，与人口有关的

detachment/dＩttmnt/　n.　特遣部队

full　company　size　training　全体连队训练

joint　training　hub/hb/　联合训练中心

rotate/rteＩt/　v.　使旋转

smallunit　training　小部队训练

Proper　Names

Commander　of　the　U.S.　Marine　Corps　Forces　美海军陆战队司令

Darwin/dwin/　达尔文（澳大利亚北部一港口城市）

Duane　Thiessen　杜安·狄森（曾任美国太平洋司令部美军陆战队司令）

Jeffery　Bleich　杰弗瑞·布莱西（曾任美驻澳大利亚大使）

Northern　Territory/terＩtrＩ/　澳大利亚北领地

Stephen　Smith　斯蒂芬·史密斯（曾任澳大利亚国防部部长）

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　The　U.S.　marine　will　have　6　month　training　in　Australia.

2.　Australia　and　the　U.S.　have　forged　alliance　for　more　than　60　years.

3.　According　to　the　video　clip，　the　Asia　Pacific　region　is　unstable.

4.　The　deployment　is　a　wonderful　opportunity　for　the　U.S.　marines.

5.　Last　year　the　U.S.　and　Australia　announced　new　defense　alliance　plans.

Task　2Multiple　Choices

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　choose　the　best　answer　to　complete　the　sentences.

1.　The　first　detachment　of　200　U.S.　marines　.

（A）　has　arrived　in　Australia，　where　a　temporary　training　hub　is　taking　shape

（B）　will　lead　to　the　U.S.　militarys　shift　back　to　the　Asia　Pacific　region

（C）　will　strengthen　Australias　cooperation　with　the　U.S.

（D）　is　the　second　time　in　the　alliance　history　between　Australia　and　the　U.S.

2.　According　to　Defense　Minister，　Stephen　Smith，　the　alliance　between　Australia　and　the　U.S.　.

（A）　was　forged　in　WWⅠ

（B）　has　served　the　Pacific　region　well

（C）　was　forged　in　defense　of　equality

（D）　was　forged　for　Australia，　the　U.S.　and　the　Pacific

3.　The　U.S.　Ambassador　to　Australia　Jeffrey　Bleich　says　the　Asia　Pacific　region　.

（A）　is　changing　fast　politically

（B）　is　growing　fast　economically

（C）　is　the　most　attractive　area

（D）　is　in　want　of　the　help　of　the　U.S.

4.　The　Commander　of　the　U.S.　Marine　Corps　Forces　says　this　kind　of　training　.

（A）　has　never　been　done　with　an　ally

（B）　is　planned　every　year

（C）　will　be　done　in　other　countries

（D）　will　be　conducted　individually

5.　The　new　defense　alliance　initiatives　between　the　U.S.　and　Australia　.

（A）　were　announced　during　Barack　Obamas　visit　to　Australia　last　year

（B）　include　20　U.S.　military　aircrafts　to　Australia

（C）　add　2,500　more　U.S.　marines　to　Australia

（D）　include　only　small　unit　training

Task　3Questions　for　Discussion　（Oral　Work）

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions.

1.　What　is　the　purpose　of　the　U.S.　deployment　of　marines　in　Australia?

2.　What　do　you　think　of　the　U.S.　and　Australian　alliance?

3.　In　your　opinion，　how　will　the　increased　U.S.　presence　affect　the　Asia　Pacific　region?

Video　Watching　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

consistent/knsＩstnt/　adj.　一致的，　调和的，　坚固的

keynote　speaker　主旨发言人

littoral/lＩtrl/　combat　ship　濒海战斗舰

reposture/rＩpst/　v.　重新摆放

resolution/rezlun/　n.　坚定，　决心，　决定

restraint/rＩstreＩnt/　n.　抑制，　制止，　克制

split/splＩt/　n.　裂开,份额

take　sides　偏袒,选边站

Task　1Questions　and　Answers

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　answer　the　following　questions.

1.　What　is　the　main　content　of　the　announcement　made　by　the　U.S.　Secretary　of　Defense　Leon　Panetta　at　the　11th　IISS　Asia　Security　ShangriLa　Dialogue?

2.　Will　the　U.S.　budget　problems　affect　the　changes　of　its　military　strategy?If　yes,how?

3.　What　is　the　attitude　of　the　U.S.　towards　the　territorial　disputes　between　China　and　the　United　States　allies　in　the　South　China　Sea?

4.　What　does　Leon　Panetta　say　about　the　U.S.　new　role　in　Asia　Pacific　region?　Will　it　be　a　challenge　to　China?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　youve　heard.

1.　Leon　Panetta，the　U.S.　Defense　Secretary，　said，　“By　2020，　the　Navy　will　reposture　its　forces　from　todays　roughly　（1）　between　the　Pacific　and　the　Atlantic　to　about　（2）　between　those　oceans.　That　will　include　（3）　in　this　region，　a　majority　of　our　（4）　，　（5）　，　（6）　，　and　（7）　.”

2.　Leon　Panetta，the　U.S.　Defense　Secretary，　said，　“The　U.S.　position　is　clear　and　（1）　.　We　call　for　（2）　，　and　for　（3）　.　We　oppose　（4）　，　we　oppose　（5）　，　and　we　oppose　（6）　.”

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work)

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　details　of　the　new　U.S.　military　strategy　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

reposture　its　force

budget

territorial　disputes

increased　U.S.　presence

Asia　Pacific　region

new　role

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Pentagons　Tone　Softens　on　Chinese　Military　Growth

Although　the　United　States　has　toned　down　accusations　about　Chinas　military　expansion　in　its　annual　report　on　Chinas　military　and　security　developments，　some　judgments　made　by　the　Pentagon　might　still　further　disrupt　rocky　Sino　U.S.　military　ties，　some　analysts　have　said.

In　the　report，　the　U.S.　Department　of　Defense　said　China　is　pursuing　fast　military　modernization　to　help　expand　its　economic　and　diplomatic　interests　around　the　world，　including　the　construction　of　Chinas　first　domestically　built　aircraftcarrier.

It　also　claimed　China　was　carrying　out　aggressive　cyber　espionage.　It　further　pointed　out　that　many　of　the　cases　of　global　cyber　intrusion　and　data　theft　originated　within　China，　and　it　said　the　Chinese　government　is　using　cyber　technology　to　collect　strategic　intelligence　from　the　U.S.　government　and　private　companies.　Beijing　expressed　its　“firm　opposition”　to　the　findings　of　the　annual　assessment.

The　release　of　the　report　was　also　coupled　with　an　action　in　the　U.S.　House　of　Representatives，　which　voted　to　force　the　U.S.　President　to　authorize　the　sale　of　66　new　fighter　jets　to　Taiwan，　which　China　considers　to　be　historically　part　of　its　territory.

However，　the　measure，　part　of　the　National　Defense　Authorization　Act，　is　not　likely　to　get　further　approval　from　the　Senate，　according　to　U.S.　media.

This　years　report　is　much　shorter　than　previous　ones，　and　it　was　released　in　a　lowprofile　manner.　Some　U.S.　analysts　and　media　said　that　the　annual　assessment　of　Chinas　military　resembled　previous　reports　but　adopted　more　diplomatic　language,　possibly　to　avoid　aggravating　delicate　relations　with　Beijing.

Chinas　military　buildup　is　a　central　focus　of　the　U.S.　government，　which　is　shifting　its　attention　toward　the　Asia　Pacific　region　after　a　decade　of　wars　in　the　greater　Middle　East，　the　Associated　Press　reported.　The　U.S.　is　not　building　new　permanent　bases　in　Asia　but　seeking　more　security　partnerships　in　the　region.

The　report　emphasized　the　U.S.　efforts　to　build　a　“healthy，　stable，　reliable　and　continuous”　militarytomilitary　relationship　with　China，　which　the　Pentagon　views　as　an　essential　component　of　the　overall　bilateral　relationship.

Chinas　growing　military　capability　means　opportunities　for　the　two　countries　to　tackle　the　common　challenges　together，　such　as　noncombatant　evacuation，　counterpiracy　and　peacekeeping，　according　to　the　report.

Words　&　Expressions

aggravating/rveＩtＩ/　adj.　使恶化的，　加重的

couple　with　加上，外加

espionage/espina/　n.　间谍,间谍行为

evacuation/ＩvkjueＩn/　n.　撤退，　撤离

intrusion/Ｉntrun/　n.　闯入，　侵扰

lowprofile/prfaＩl/　adj.　低调的，低姿态的

rocky/rki/　adj.　困难的,不稳定的

tone　down　降低，柔和，缓和

Proper　Names

National　Defense　Authorization　Act　［美］国防授权法案

the　Associated　Press　美联社

U.S.　House　of　Representatives　美国众议院

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner.

1.　What　are　the　findings　of　the　U.S.　annual　report　on　Chinas　military　and　security　developments?

2.　What　is　the　response　of　Beijing　to　the　findings　of　the　annual　assessment?

3.　What　did　the　U.S.　House　of　Representatives　vote　to　do　along　with　the　release　of　the　report?

4.　What　are　the　differences　between　this　years　report　and　the　previous　ones?

5.　According　to　the　report，　what　does　Chinas　growing　military　capability　mean?

Task　2Retelling

Directions:　Work　with　your　partner　by　retelling　the　passage　to　each　other.　Use　the　evaluation　chart　to　evaluate　your　partners　retelling.

Grammar

Pronunciation

Facts

Fluency

Grading:　5=Excellent;　4=Good;　3=Fairly　Good;　2=Should　Improve;　1=Must　Improve

Unit　NineMilitary　Transformation

高级军事英语教程

Part　Ⅰ

Prereading　Activities

Words　&　Expressions

artillery/tＩlrＩ/　n.　炮兵

demobilize/dＩmblaＩz/　vt.　（使军人）复员

field　army　野战军

logistic/ldＩstＩk/　adj.　后勤的

military　expenditure　军费

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions.

1.　What　was　the　urgent　need　when　new　China　was　founded?

2.　What　has　the　PLA　done　to　meet　the　requirements　of　the　future　wars?

3.　What　does　“informationization”　mean　according　to　the　video　clip?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

When　new　China　was　founded　in　1949，　the　Peoples　Liberation　Army　was　a　5　（1）　strong　landbased　peasant　army.　Chinas　new　leaders　recognized　the　urgent　need　to　（2）　the　PLA　into　a　modern　military　force.　But　with　Deng　Xiaoping　who　pointed　out　that　the　PLA　needed　to　focus　more　on　（3）　rather　than　on　quantity,　in　（4）　，　the　Chinese　government　announced　the　decision　to　（5）　the　size　of　the　military　by　（6）　million.　Since　then，　another　（7）　military　staff　were　（8）　.　Since　the　（9）　，　the　PLA　has　reorganized　its　field　armies　into　smaller　units　to　increase　its　（10）　to　meet　the　needs　of　the　future　warfare.

Part　Ⅱ

Readingcentered　Activities

Text　A

Cognitive　Transformation　in　the　4th　Generation　Warfare［1］

1The　4th　generation　warfare　is　more　than　a　new　way　of　making　war;　it　is　a　new　way　of　thinking　about　war.

2Military　transformation　has　been　at　the　forefront　of　the　former　U.S.　Secretary　of　Defense　Donald　Rumsfelds［2］　stamp　on　the　Department　of　Defense，　and　all　the　Armed　Services.　Military　transformation　has　been　defined　as　the　act　of　creating　and　harnessing　a　“revolution　in　military　affairs.”　It　is　said　to　require　the　development　of　new　technologies，　operation　concepts　and　organizational　structures　to　conduct　combat　operations　in　dramatically　new　ways.　This　is　a　euphemism　for　“hightech　wars.”

3Military　transformation　covers　the　entire　spectrum　of　warfare:　outer　space，　cyberspace，　weapons　systems，　organization　structures，　and　not　the　least　of　which，　doctrine，　tactics，　techniques　and　procedures.

4Not　all　attempts　at　military　transformation—combining　new　technology　with　operational　concepts—have　been　successful.　In　the　1950s，　the　Atomic　Age　brought　an　attempt　to　transform　the　military　with　the　introduction　of　tactical　nuclear　weapons　and　the　Pentomic　Divisions［3］　were　formed.　The　army　found　this　organizational　concept　did　not　work　in　Vietnam.　The　real　military　transformation　following　Vietnam　created　an　army　that　was　ready　for　the　Gulf　War　1990　1991.　The　Special　Operations　Force　and　Marine　Corps　that　fought　the　early　battles　in　Afghanistan　were　the　right　instrument　for　the　initial　stages　of　that　conflict.　The　Army　and　Marine　Corps　that　defeated　the　Saddam　Hussein　army　worked　well　in　Phase　Ⅰ　and　Phase　Ⅱ，　but　has　not　always　been　successful　in　Phase　Ⅲ.

5Phase　Ⅰ　is　precombat　operations（preventative　actions），　Phase　Ⅱ　is　combat　operations，　and　Phase　Ⅲ　is　postconflict　operations（security，　transition　and　reconstruction　operations）.

6There　is　a　new　term　that　is　beginning　to　gain　attention　in　the　Pentagon　and　even　Congress:　cognitive　transformation.

7Many　military　writers　and　counterinsurgency　practitioners　are　beginning　to　recognize　that　there　is　a　need　for　cognitive　transformation　to　add　to　the　hightech　military　transformation　that　is　already　underway.　The　4th　generation　war　nature　of　the　conflict　in　Afghanistan　and　Iraq　dictates　that　the　military　transforms　the　way　it　fights　and　the　way　it　thinks　about　war.　Many　have　reported　the　errors　in　the　ways　of　using　artillery　and　air　strikes　in　the　center　of　a　town.　Accordingly，　it　is　critical　that　a　cognitive　transformation　and　a　cultural　transformation　accompany　the　“revolution　in　military　affairs.”

8On　February　16,　2005,　Rep.　Ike　Skelton（D　MO）,a　ranking　democrat　on　the　House　Armed　Services　Committee［4］，　and　Rep.　Steve　Israel（D　NY），　convened　a　roundtable　on　cognitive　transformation　in　the　armed　forces.　Members　of　the　roundtable　included　senior　military　leaders，　academics　and　policy　makers　and　MGen　Robert　Scales，　the　former　Commandant　of　the　Army　War　College，　moderated　the　discussions.

9While　Im　not　impressed　with　the　makeup　of　the　people　advising　the　Democrat　leaders　in　the　House　Armed　Service　Committee　on　a　very　important　matter，　I　have　to　give　credit　to　Skelton　and　Israel　for　their　initiative　and　only　hope　they　get　to　put　some　of　their　thoughts　into　the　DoD　budget.

10People　talk　of　“renaissance　soldiers”　trying　to　broaden　traditional　combat　skills　in　addition　to　counterguerrilla　or　counterinsurgency　skills，　as　if　the　two　were　separate.　They　are　not.　You　need　to　be　able　to　fight　a　threeblock　war　in　the　4th　generation　warfare.　On　one　block　you　may　have　peacekeeping　and　humanitarian　assistance，　on　another　block　you　may　counter　guerrilla　warfare，　and　on　a　third　block　you　may　have　fullblown　conventional　war　with　highlytrained　soldiers.

11Many　U.S.　Army　and　Marine　Corps　personnel　are　starting　to　be　trained　in　culture　awareness，　differences　in　religion　and　language　proficiency.

12The　Marine　Corps　has　published　a　“Culture　Smart　Card”　for　every　marine　going　into　Iraq　along　with　special　classes　on　the　Iraqi　situation.　The　card　includes　information　on　culture，　religion　and　dos　and　donts　on　all　three　ethnic　groups　in　Iraq.　Additionally，　the　card　has　helpful　Arabic　words　and　phrases　and　seemingly　simple　but　important　items　like　how　to　understand　Arabic　names.

13Flexibility　and　innovation　must　be　the　hallmark　of　the　marines　and　soldiers　who　have　daily　contact　with　Iraqis　or　Afghans.　Each　small　unit　leader，　when　confronted　with　unique　difficult　situations，　must　think　of　the　culture，　religious　and/or　local　customs，　when　he　or　she　decides　on　a　course　of　action.

14The　Democrat　roundtable　suggested　that　officers　should　obtain　a　broader　education　earlier　in　their　career　than　later.　Most　officers　now　get　advanced　degrees　at　the　war　college　level.　Some　are　starting　to　get　masters　with　their　career　courses，　which　is　the　right　place　to　start.　They　also　suggested　that　command　involvement　in　professional　education　is　required.

15Some　of　the　members　of　the　roundtable　suggested　that　the　personnel　system　is　the　largest　obstacle　to　effectively　changing　the　culture　of　military　education.　I　would　agree.

16FY　2005　Defense　Authorization　Bill　requires　the　Joint　Chiefs　of　Staff　to　report　to　Congress　within　a　year　on　their　“strategic　vision　for　Joint　Professional　Military　Education.”　Whatever　that　means.

17The　best　piece　of　proposed　legislation　that　I　have　seen　on　this　subject　is　that　no　one　will　be　promoted　to　the　rank　of　general　officer　unless　he　or　she　is　fluent　in　one　foreign　language.　This　is　a　good　start.　However，　I　would　go　as　far　below　as　field　grade—major　or　lieutenant　commander.

18The　Services　claim　that　they　do　not　have　the　money　to　pay　everyone　proficiency　pay　allowance　that　learns　a　foreign　language.　Well，　pay　for　an　additional　foreign　language.　If　an　officer　or　an　enlisted　man，　regardless　of　rank，　can　speak　two　foreign　languages　fluently，　he　or　she　should　get　pro　pay.　Then　there　should　be　a　bonus　for　the　more　difficult　languages，　e.g.　Chinese，　Arabic，　Farsi，　etc.

19In　a　letter　to　the　editors　of　Foreign　Affairs，　in　response　to　an　article　by　Max　Boot，　Rep.　Israel　says:　“To　accomplish　cognitive　transformation，　we　must　do　three　things:　First，　reform　professional　military　education...　Second，　remove　existing　obstacles　to　military　careers　for...civil　affairs，　foreign　area　studies　and　psychological　operations　fields.　Finally，　invest　more　money　in　the　underfunded　and　undervalued　military　agencies　that　understand　how　our　enemies　are　exploiting　the　convergence　of　demographics，　governance，　disease，　disconnectedness，　tyranny　and　religious　fundamentalism.”

20While　many　have　recognized　that　the　4th　generation　warfare　requires　new　skill　sets，　few　in　the　higher　ranks　of　the　military　are　willing　to　dedicate　precious　training　time　to　meeting　the　current　training　syllabus　and　preparing　their　units　for　the　threeblock　war.

（1,071　words）

NOTES

［1］　the　4th　generation　warfare（4GW）第四代战争A　conflict　characterized　by　a　blurring（模糊）　of　the　lines　between　war　and　politics，　soldier　and　civilian.　In　terms　of　generational　modern　warfare，　the　4th　generation　signifies　the　states　loss　of　their　nearmonopoly　on　combat　forces，　returning　to　modes　of　the　conflict　common　in　premodern　times.　As　such，　the　4th　generation　warfare　uses　classical　tactics　deemed　unacceptable　by　more　traditional　thinking　to　weaken　the　advantaged　opponents　will　to　win.

［2］　Donald　Rumsfeld唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德（美国前国防部长）A　United　States　businessman，　diplomat　and　politician　who　served　as　the　13th　Secretary　of　Defense　under　President　Gerald　Ford　from　1975　to　1977　and　as　the　21st　Secretary　of　Defense　under　President　George　W.　Bush　from　2001　to　2006.　He　is　both　the　youngest（43　years　old）　and　the　oldest（74　years　old）　person　to　have　served　as　Secretary　of　Defense　as　well　as　the　only　person　to　have　served　in　the　position　for　two　nonconsecutive　terms.

［3］　the　Pentomic　Divisions五群制原子师A　structure　for　infantry　divisions　adopted　by　the　U.S.　Army　in　1957　in　response　to　the　perceived　threat　posed　by　tactical　nuclear　weapons　used　on　the　battlefield.

［4］　the　House　Armed　Services　Committee美国众议院军事委员会Referred　to　as　the　U.S.　House　Committee　on　Armed　Services，　it　is　a　standing　committee　of　the　United　States　House　of　Representatives.　It　is　responsible　for　funding　and　oversight　of　the　Department　of　Defense（DoD）　and　the　United　States　armed　forces，　as　well　as　substantial　portions　of　the　Department　of　Energy.

MILITARY　TERMS

Army　War　College　［美］陆军战争学院

commandant/kmndnt/　n.　（军事学校）校长,指挥官，司令（尤指要塞或防区司令）

conventional/knvennl/　war　常规战

counterguerrilla/rＩl/　n.　反游击

counterinsurgency/kntＩnsdnsi/　n.　反叛乱

Defense　Authorization　Bill　国防授权议案

enlisted　man　士兵

major/meＩd/　n.　少校

military　transformation　军事转型

proficiency　pay　allowance/lans/　外语水平津贴

threeblock　war　三街区战争

training　syllabus/sＩlbs/　训练大纲

NEW　WORDS

convene/knvin/　v.　summon（people）　to　come　together;　arrange（a　meeting，　etc.）　召集（人们），召开（会议等）

convergence/knvdns/　n.　the　act，　condition，　quality　or　fact　of　converging　汇聚,集中

demographics/demrfＩks/　n.　data　resulting　from　the　science　of　demography;　population　statistics　人口统计资料，人口特征

disconnectedness/dＩsknektＩdnＩs/　n.　state　of　being　disconnected　分离，不连贯

enlist/ＩnlＩst/　v.　engage　（persons　or　a　person）　for　service　in　the　armed　forces　征募

ethnic/enＩk/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　sizable　groups　of　people　sharing　a　common　and　distinctive　racial，　national，　religious，　linguistic　or　cultural　heritage　种族的，人种的，民族的

euphemism/jufmＩzm/　n.　a　word　or　phrase　used　to　avoid　saying　an　unpleasant　or　offensive　word　委婉语

exploit/ＩksplＩt/　vt.　employ　to　the　greatest　possible　advantage　充分利用

flexibility/fleksbＩltＩ/　n.　the　quality　of　being　adaptable　or　variable　机动性，适应性

forefront/ffrnt/　n.　the　position　of　most　importance，　prominence　or　responsibility　最前线,最重要

fullblown/flbln/　adj.　having　or　displaying　all　the　characteristics　necessary　for　completeness　全面的，成熟的

fundamentalism/fndmentlＩzm/　n.　a　movement　or　point　of　view　characterized　by　rigid　adherence　to　fundamental　or　basic　principles　［宗］原教旨主义

hallmark/hlmk/　n.　a　conspicuous　feature　or　characteristic　标志，特征

harness/hnＩs/　vt.　bring　under　control　and　direct　the　force　of　利用,管理，支配

initial/ＩnＩl/　adj.　of，　relating　to　or　occurring　at　the　beginning;　first　开始的，首先的

involvement/Ｉnvlvmnt/　n.　the　act　of　sharing　in　the　activities　of　a　group　参与，插手

makeup/meＩkp/　n.　the　way　in　which　something　is　composed　or　arranged　组成，构造

moderate/mdrＩt/　vt.　preside　over（a　public　forum,　meeting,　discussion,　etc.)　主持

phase/feＩz/　n.　a　direct　stage　of　development　阶段，时期

stamp/stmp/　n.　an　identifying　or　characterizing　mark　or　impression　特征，印象，印记

underfunded/ndfndＩd/　adj.　having　or　provided　with　insufficient　funding　资金不足的

undervalued/ndvljud/　adj.　be　underestimated　估价过低的,低估的

underway/ndweＩ/　adj.　currently　in　progress起步的，　进行中的

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　confront　sb.　with　sth.face　someone　with　something　使面对，面临

2.　course　of　actionthe　way　to　do　sth.　行动方针，做法

3.　decide　onchoose　something　or　someone　after　careful　thought　选定，决定

4.　define...aslabel　something　as...　界定，定义为

5.　dos　and　dontsrules　about　what　you　must　do　and　must　not　do　in　a　particular　situation　规定，准则，禁忌

6.　give　credit　toascribe　（a　good　quality）to　把（成绩或功劳）归功于

7.　impress　sb.　with　sth.evoke　a　favorable　opinion　or　reaction　from　someone　about　something　使某人对……印象深刻

8.　in　response　togiving　an　answer　or　reply　to　响应

PROPER　NAMES

Cognitive　Transformation　认知转型

Cultural　Transformation　文化转型

Farsi/fsi/　波斯语

Foreign　Affairs　《外交季刊》

MGen　Robert　Scales　罗伯特·斯凯尔斯少将（美退役陆军少将，曾任美国陆军战争学院院长）

Rep.　Ike　Skelton　众议员艾克·斯凯尔顿

Rep.　Steve　Israel　众议员斯蒂夫·伊斯雷尔

EXERCISES

Ⅰ．　Reading　comprehension

Section　A

Directions:　Go　over　the　passage　and　write　down　the　main　idea　of　each　part.

Part　Ⅰ（Para.　1）.

Part　Ⅱ（Paras.　2　5）All　attempts　at　hightech　military　transformation.

Part　Ⅲ（Paras.　6　20）.

1.　（Paras.　6　9）Cognitive　transformation　is　beginning　to　gain　attention.

2.　（Paras.　10　13）It　is　very　important　for　soldiers　to　develop　skills　to.

3.　（Paras.　15　20）It　is　necessary　to　reform　to　remove　the　obstacles　to　conducting　cognitive　transformation.

Section　B

Directions:　Answer　the　following　questions　based　on　the　information　provided　in　the　text.

1.　What　is　military　transformation　about?

2.　Why　is　it　critical　that　a　cognitive　transformation　and　a　cultural　transformation　accompany　the　revolution　in　military　affairs?

3.　In　what　ways　does　the　“Culture　Smart　Card”　help　the　Marines　in　Iraq?

4.　According　to　the　author,　the　personnel　system　is　the　largest　obstacle　to　effectively　changing　the　culture　of　military　education.　Do　you　agree?　Why　or　why　not?

5.　Many　have　recognized　that　the　4th　generation　warfare　requires　new　skill　sets.　What　does　“the　new　skill　sets”　here　refer　to?　What　will　you　do　in　order　to　acquire　the　new　skill　sets?

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Spell　out　the　following　words　with　the　help　of　their　definitions　and　the　first　letters　of　each　word.　And　then　complete　the　sentences　that　follow　with　these　words.　Each　word　can　be　used　only　once.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

hv.　to　bring　under　control

uadj.　currently　in　progress

cv.　to　arrange　a　meeting

iv.　to　engage　as　a　participant

pn.　competence

rv.　to　do　away　with

an.　having　the　knowledge　of

ev.　to　employ　to　the　greatest　possible　advantage

fn.　the　position　of　most　importance

an.　aid　or　help

1.　The　PLA　Air　Force　has　for　the　first　time　come　up　to　the　world　by　having　a　good　command　of　the　advanced　equipment　based　on　independent　research　and　development.

2.　During　the　practice　the　army　will　experience　an　authentic（真实的）　war　situation　and　will　all　our　defensive　facilities　and　the　systems　for　an　electronic　war.

3.　International　Forum　on　Peace　and　Development　put　forward　the　proposition　of　peaceful　and　use　of　aerospace.

4.　Recently，　five　European　NATO　member　nations　called　for　a　debate　over　the　alliances　viewpoint　on　nuclear　weapons，　which　is　seen　as　an　attempt　to　press　for　the　of　U.S.　nuclear　weapons　from　Europe.

5.　The　Chinese　escort　mission（护航任务）　has　provided　the　released　vessel　with　necessary　supplies　and　medical　for　victims　in　Haiti　earthquake.

6.　This　is　a　course　that　aims　to　cultivate　cadets　four　skills　of　military　English　.

7.　The　worlds　largest　naval　exercise　is　now　in　the　waters　of　the　Pacific　off　Hawaii，　which　began　on　June　23　and　will　continue　through　August　1.

8.　Gutian　Meeting，　which　is　of　great　significance　to　the　history　of　the　CPC　and　the　army，　was　in　1929　in　the　village　of　Shanghang　County.

9.　Based　on　intelligence　reports，　the　troops　captured　Ghrairi　for　his　in　crimes　and　attacks　against　civilians　and　Iraqi　security　forces.

10.　Mr.　Gates　said　that　he　was　not　of　any　military　moves　in　the　North　that　were　out　of　the　ordinary.

Section　B

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　phrases　or　expressions　from　the　text.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

decide　on

confront...with

invest　in

in　response　to

dos　and　donts

impress...with...

have　（no）　contact　with

define...as

give　credit　to

combine...with...

1.　Some　analysts　believe　the　Iranian　action　was　actually　aimed　at　the　United　States，　perhaps　the　U.S.　military　maneuvers（对抗演习）.

2.　Foreign　military　officers　the　PLAs　ability　to　mobilize　forces　at　such　a　fast　speed　after　the　May　12　earthquake.

3.　Although　David　had　a　small　army　of　his　own，　he　did　not　them　or　himself　for　their　victory.

4.　General　Dean　the　outside　world　until　he　was　interviewed　on　December　18，　1951，　and　this　was　the　first　time　anyone　had　any　idea　he　was　still　alive.

5.　Failing　to　research　or　improve　your　military　infrastructure（基础设施）　might　result　in　your　army　being　outclassed（超越）by　its　opponents.

6.　Marines　will　take　cultural　awareness　training　which　focuses　on　as　well　as　language　basics　in　Iraq.

7.　Victory　in　Iraq　became　elusive　because　the　U.S.　military　leadership　failed　to　the　mission　a　counterinsurgency.

8.　Deciders　are　the　forecasters　who　and　prepare　for　the　militarys　longterm　requirements.

9.　This　militarygrade　computer　products　innovative　technology　open　architecture　systems　to　keep　the　missioncritical　systems　running　when　theyre　needed　most.

10.　Our　army　may　mental　problems　caused　by　war　in　future　campaign.

Ⅲ.　Reading　Practice

Directions:　The　passage　below　is　followed　by　5　multiplechoice　questions.　Read　the　passage　carefully　and　then　choose　the　best　answer.

Formed　nearly　160　years　ago，　the　3rd　Armored　Cavalry　Regiment（the　3rd　ACR）　is　the　second　oldest　unit　in　the　United　States　Army.　Originally　designated　the　Regiment　of　Mounted　Riflemen，　the　Regiment　first　saw　action　during　the　Mexican　War　in　1847　and　it　was　during　this　conflict　that　they　earned　the　title，　The　Brave　Rifles.　This　is　still　on　the　Regiments　insignia　today.

At　the　end　of　the　Mexican　War，　the　Regiment　returned　to　Missouri　and　after　rebuilding，　took　up　its　original　mission　of　escorting　settlers　westward　to　the　new　Oregon　territory.　In　1851　the　Regiment　was　ordered　to　Texas　to　defend　the　settlers　from　the　Indians.　In　August,　1861，　after　the　outbreak　of　the　American　Civil　War，　the　Regiment　of　Mounted　Riflemen　was　renamed　the　3rd　United　States　Cavalry　Regiment.　This　was　a　difficult　time，　as　many　officers　and　men　joined　the　rebels　and　soldiers　found　themselves　fighting　their　former　comrades.　At　the　end　of　the　Civil　War，　the　Regiment　returned　to　the　western　frontier　where　they　were　stationed　for　30　years.

At　the　outbreak　of　World　War　Ⅰ，　the　3rd　Cavalry　was　deployed　to　Europe　but　the　use　of　trenches，　barbed　wire，　gas　and　machine　guns　meant　that　horse　cavalry　fought　in　few　engagements　during　that　conflict.　Although　the　Regiment　was　still　a　horse　cavalry　unit　at　the　outbreak　of　World　War　Ⅱ，　it　was　soon　converted　to　mechanized　cavalry　and　reequipped　with　armored　vehicles　before　deployment　to　Europe.　The　Regiment　was　redesignated　as　the　3rd　Armored　Cavalry　Regiment　in　1948.

In　the　1960s　and　1970s　while　war　raged　in　Vietnam,　the　Regiment　was　stationed　in　West　Germany，　providing　rear　area　security　for　the　7th　U.S.　Army　and　patrolling　the　East/West　German　border.　The　Regiment　moved　to　Fort　Lewis，　Washington,　in　1968　and　to　Fort　Bliss，　Texas,　in　1972.　The　Regimental　Support　Aviation　Troop　was　combined　with　the　Air　Cavalry　Troop　to　form　the　4th　Aviation　Squadron　on　October　16,　1988.　On　May　19,　1996，　the　Regiment　celebrated　its　150th　anniversary　and　the　3rd　ACR　moved　to　its　current　base，　Fort　Carson，　Colorado.

The　3rd　ACR　today　is　one　of　the　largest　and　most　powerful　tactical　units　in　the　U.S.　Army.　It　is　a　combined　arms　unit　capable　of　operating　independently　of　other　units　over　wide　geographical　areas.　It　is　a　highly　mobile　force　that　can　conduct　reconnaissance，　security，　offensive　and　defensive　operations.　When　the　Regiment　is　at　its　full　strength，　it　can　field　over　320　armored　vehicles　or　tracks，　over　80　aircraft　and　more　than　5，200　soldiers.　The　cutting　edge　of　the　Regiment　is　the　three　armored　cavalry　squadrons:　the　1st　Tiger　Squadron，　the　2nd　Sabre　Squadron　and　the　3rd　Thunder　Squadron.　Each　squadron　is　equipped　with　M1A2　Abrams　MBTs（主战坦克），　M3A2ODS　Bradley　CFVs（布莱德雷战车）　and　M109A6　howitzers（榴弹炮）.　Within　each　squadron，　each　troop　is　designated　by　a　letter　of　the　alphabet　and　by　tradition　the　troop　adopts　a　name　based　on　its　letter.　For　example，　A　Troop　is　Apache　troop　and　B　Troop　is　Bandit.　The　4th　Longknife　Air　Cavalry　Squadron　is　organized　and　equipped　to　conduct　highly　mobile　reconnaissance　and　screening　operations.　The　squadron　provides　the　Regiments　air　assets　and　its　authorized　table　of　organization　and　equipment（TO&E）　includes　scout，　transport　and　attack　helicopters　or　birds.

1.　Which　of　the　following　names　has　never　been　designated　for　the　3rd　ACR?

（A）　Regiment　of　Mounted　Riflemen.

（B）　3rd　United　States　Cavalry　Regiment.

（C）　3rd　Armored　Cavalry　Regiment.

（D）　The　Brave　Rifles.

2.　Which　of　the　following　statements　is　the　most　possible　reason　why　the　Regiment　exchanged　their　horses　for　armored　vehicles　during　WWⅡ?

（A）　Armored　vehicles　are　more　comfortable　to　ride　than　horses.

（B）　Armored　vehicles　move　more　quickly　than　horses　in　massive　mechanized　warfare.

（C）　Horses　are　easily　tired　and　more　likely　to　be　killed　by　the　enemy.

（D）　Horses　are　more　likely　to　become　the　targets　of　the　enemy.

3.　Which　of　the　following　military　formation　terms　is　not　used　in　the　3rd　ACR?

（A）　Regiment.（B）　Squadron.（C）　Troop.（D）　Division.

4.　What　is　the　meaning　of　the　underlined　word　“assets”　in　the　last　sentence?

（A）　The　authorized　number　of　men　and　equipment　in　a　unit　or　formation.

（B）　A　unit　with　two　or　more　arms　and　elements　of　a　military　service.

（C）　A　valuable　group　of　soldiers　or　piece　of　equipment　under　ones　command.

（D）　A　logistics　unit　providing　support　to　combat　troops.

5.　How　many　different　wars　are　mentioned　in　the　passage?

（A）　Six.（B）　Five.（C）　Four.（D）　Three.

Ⅳ.　Translating　Practice

Section　A

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　English　into　Chinese

The　terrorist　attacks　on　September　11　imposed　a　powerful　sense　of　urgency　to　transforming　the　Department.　Much　has　been　accomplished　since　that　tragic　day.　We　have　set　about　making　U.S.　forces　more　agile　and　expeditionary.　Technological　advances，　including　dramatic　improvements　in　information　management　and　precision　weaponry，　have　allowed　our　military　to　generate　considerably　more　combat　capability　with　the　same　or，　in　some　cases，　fewer　numbers　of　weapons　platforms　and　with　lower　levels　of　manning.　We　also　have　been　adjusting　the　U.S.　global　military　force　posture，　making　long　overdue　adjustments　to　U.S.　basing　by　moving　away　from　a　static　defense　in　obsolete　Cold　War　garrisons，　and　placing　emphasis　on　the　ability　to　surge　quickly　to　trouble　spots　across　the　globe.

Section　B:

Directions:　Translate　the　following　passage　from　Chinese　into　English

陆军按照机动作战、立体攻防的战略要求，加大改革创新和建设力度，推进部队整体转型。加强新型作战力量建设，优化部队编成结构，强化信息化条件下军事训练，加快主战装备数字化升级改造、新型武器平台成建制换装，远程机动与综合突击能力显著增强。

Ⅴ.　Writing　Practice

Directions:　You　are　required　to　write　a　short　essay　entitled　“Military　Transformation　in　the　21st　Century.”　You　should　write　no　less　than　200　words　following　the　outline　given　below.

1.　军事转型的含义;

2.　21世纪军事转型的特点;

3.　军校学员应该如何适应新形势下的军事转型。

Text　B

Military　Transformation　and　the　Limits　of　Uncertainty:　Two　Views

1Military　transformation　has　been　a　hot　buzzword　over　the　past　decade，　fueled　by　underlying　trends　that　are　driving　a　regular　drumbeat　of　quantum　leaps　in　electronics　capability，　and　by　a　confluence　of　international　trends　that　have　severely　weakened　the　nation　state.　As　force　planners　try　to　look　ahead　and　assess　how　to　adapt，　the　question　naturally　arises　how　should　the　military　change?

2One　view　revolves　around　the　concept　of　net　centric　warfare［1］，　which　can　be　crudely　described　as　information/awareness　dominance　leading　to　military　dominance.　Under　one　interpretation　of　that　concept，　smaller，　lighter　networked　forces　with　advanced　electronics　and　precision　munitions　would　be　used　to　outmaneuverand　destroy　heavier，　less　advanced　forces.　Hence　the　American　160　plus　billion　Future　Combat　Systems　program，　with　its　27　20　ton　tanks　and　armored　vehicles，　as　the　expected　backbone　of　Americas　future　army.

3That　approach　does　not　enjoy　universal　acceptance.　Experiences　like　Objective　Peach［2］　in　Iraq，　war　experiences　before　and　since　in　Afghanistan　and　Iraq，　and　Israels　2006　War　in　Lebanon，　are　causing　some　officers　to　question　it.　DID　brings　our　reader　a　pair　of　thoughtprovoking　essays　on　this　topic.　One　looks　at　current　U.S.　army　transformation　plans　in　light　of　recent　combat　experience.　The　other　looks　for　lessons　from　the　last　revolution　in　military　affairs　before　World　War　Ⅱ.

4Col.　H.R.　McMaster　has　an　article　in　the　Foreign　Policy　Research　Institutes　fall　2008　issue　of　Orbis　magazine，　whose　theme　is　“The　Future　of　War.”　An　excerpted　version　is　available　for　public　viewing　at　FPRI.　McMasters　core　contention　in　“Learning　from　Contemporary　Conflicts　to　Prepare　for　Future　War”:

5The　U.S.　Army，　despite　having　fought　for　six　years　under

conditions　that　run　counter　to　the　orthodoxy　of　defense　transformation，　is　still　finding　it　difficult　to　break　away　from　years　of　wrongheaded　thinking.　The　Army　brigade　organization，　designed　using　mainly　computer　simulations　to　validate　a　smaller，　lighter，　more　efficient　organization　that　could　“see　first，　understand　first，　act　first，　and　finish　decisively，”　has　not　undergone　significant　revision.　That　“quality　of　firsts，”　based　on　the　assumption　of　dominant　knowledge　in　future　war，　has　gone　largely　unchallenged.　Indeed，　the　quality　of　firsts，　despite　being　exposed　as　unrealistic　by　combat　experience，　continues　to　provide　the　primary　conceptual　justification　for　the　Armys　Future　Brigade

Combat　Team（FBCT）　organization　and　some　acquisition　programs.

6Recent　combat　experience　has　had　no　discernible　effect　on　the　FBCT　or　current　Army　Brigade　Combat　Team（BCT）　organizations，　largely　because　of　flawed　doctrinal　concepts　and　a　continued　fixation　on　futuristic　experiments　in　constructive　simulations　even　as　U.S.　forces　are　at　war.　Forces　equipped　only　for　selfdefense　under　the　assumption　that　information　superiority　will　protect　them　and　permit　the　destruction　of　the　enemy　at　a　great　distance　are　certain　to　suffer　a　high　number　of　casualties　when　they　engage　in　close　combat.　In　war，　the　enemy　makes　decisions　that　help　determine　when，　where　and　how　our　forces　will　fight.　If　a　force　optimized　for　operations　under　conditions　of　information　superiority　loses　communications，　it　could　become　isolated　and　unable　to　access　remote　fires.　Any　ambiguity　will　necessitate　reallocating　sensors　and　an　analysis　effort　to　avoid　risks　associated　with　encountering　the　enemy　unexpectedly.　While　much　of　the　transformation　literature　stresses　speed，　adaptability　and　initiative，　the　forces　inability　to　overmatch　the　enemy　in　a　close　fight　will　predispose　leaders　toward　waiting　for　information　rather　than　taking　resolute　action　in　uncertain　conditions.　Ironically，　a　force　that　was　supposed　to　be　fast　and　agile　will　operate　ponderously.

7As　a　bookend，　DID　recommends　a　March　2006　article　from　the　Commonwealth　Institute　that　might　be　unfairly　described　as　a　light　French　whine.　“We　Can　See　Clearly　Now:　The　Limits　of　Foresight　in　the　preWorld　War　II　Revolution　in　Military　Affairs（RMA）”　examines　the　choices　and　decisions　made　by　France，　which　lost　to　Germany　despite　quantitative　superiority　and　qualitative　parity.

8This　subject　has　been　extensively　discussed，　but　Carl　Conetta　manages　to　create　a　fresh　take.　One　thats　highly　relevant　to　critiques　advocating　a　revised　American　transformation　plan　based　on　threatbased　assessments　and　a　national　grand　strategy.　The　Maginot　Line［3］，　says　Conetta，　was　the　product　of　exactly　that　approach:

9With　the　benefit　of　hindsight，　Frances　preparations　for　war

with　Germany　are　an　easy　target　of　critique.　It　is　another　matter，　however，　to　derive　guidelines　that　might　reliably　help　us　avoid　errors　in　our　present　efforts　to　envision　future　war　and　prepare　for　it.　In　fact，　French　planners　conformed　in　a　general　way　to　dictums　that　are　today　supposed　to　help　planners　avoid　obvious　mistakes.　They　sought　to　“learn　the　lessons　of　the　last　war”　and　not　prepare　to　refight　it.　But　for　the　dominant　clique　in　French　leadership　this　meant　resisting　the　“cult　of　the　offensive”　that　had　sent　millions　to　their　deaths　against　barbed　wire　and　artillery　during　the　Great　War.

10This　disposition　did　not　imply　the　abandonment　of　offensive　capabilities　and　operations　altogether.　But　it　did　place　emphasis　on　defensive　preparations　and　defensive　operations　in　the　opening　stages　of　war　as　a　way　of　buying　time　and　setting　the　stage　for　a　subsequent　counteroffensive.　This　approach　also　accorded　with　the　French　leaderships　assessment　of　what　types　of　support　it　might　expect　from　its　allies，　how　much，　when　and　under　what　circumstances.　In　other　words，　Frances　strategic　disposition　reflected　its　view　of　its　strategic　circumstances.

（870　words）

NOTES

［1］　netcentric　warfare网络中心战Also　called　networkcentric　operations，it　is　a　new　military　doctrine　or　theory　of　war　pioneered　by　the　United　States　Department　of　Defense，　which　seeks　to　translate　an　information　advantage，　enabled　in　part　by　information　technology，　into　a　competitive　war　fighting　advantage　through　the　robust　networking　of　wellinformed　geographically　dispersed　forces.

［2］　Objective　Peach代号为“P目标”的战略性桥梁（此处指发生于该地的战役）The　codename　for　a　key　road　bridge　across　the　Euphrates　River　about　20　miles　southwest　of　Baghdad.　At　about　3:00　a.m.　on　April　3，　2003，　a　U.S.　battalion

combat　team　of　the　3rd　U.S.　Infantry　Division，　Mechanized，　fought　off　the

largest　Iraqi　counterattack　of　the　war.　Th

ough　the　battalion　did　a　great　job　at　Objective　Peach，　the　entire　apparatus　of　sophisticated　electronic　intelligence　gathering　and　dissemination　failed　almost　completely.

［3］　the　Maginot　Line马其诺防线The　line，　named　after　French　Minister　of　Defense　André　Maginot，　was　constructed　by　France　along　its　borders　with　Germany　and　Italy，　in　the　light　of　experience　from　World　War　I，　and　in　the　runup　to　World　War　II.　However，　it　became　a　military　liability　when　the　Germans　attacked　France　in　the　spring　of　1940　using　blitzkrieg,　a　tactic　that　completely　emasculated（削弱）　the　Maginot　Lines　purpose.

MILITARY　TERMS

barbed/bbd/wire　有刺铁丝（网）

close　combat　近距离作战

counteroffensive　反攻

Future　Brigade　Combat　Team（FBCT）　未来旅作战分队

Future　Combat　Systems　未来作战系统

military　dominance/dmＩnns/　军事控制,军事优势

outmaneuver/atmnuv（r）/　智胜，以谋略制胜

revolution　in　military　affairs　军事革命

NEW　WORDS

ambiguity/mbＩjuti/　n.　doubtfulness　or　uncertainty　as　regards　interpretation　含糊不清，不明确

buzzword/bzwd/　n.　popular　words　时髦术语，流行行话

clique/klik/　n.　a　small，　exclusive　group　of　friends　or　associates　派系，朋党

confluence/knflｕns/　n.　a　gathering，　flowing　or　meeting　together　at　one　juncture　or　point　汇流，汇合

conform/knfm/　v.　act　or　be　in　accordanu　or　agreement;　comply　适合，遵从

contention/kntenn/　n.　an　assertion　put　forward　in　argument　论点

critique/krＩtＩk/　n.　a　critical　discussion　of　a　specified　topic　批评，评语

cult/klt/　n.　an　interest　followed　with　exaggerated　zeal　狂热的崇拜

dictum/dＩktm/　n.　a　popular　saying　or　maxim　名言，格言

discernible/dＩsnbl/　adj.　perceptible　as　by　the　faculty　of　vision　or　the　intellect　看得清的，可辨知的

drumbeat/drmbit/　n.　the　sound　that　a　beat　on　a　drum　makes　击鼓声

excerpt/ekspt/　vt.　select　or　use（a　passage　or　segment　from　a　longer　work）　摘选，引用

futuristic/fjutrＩstＩk/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　the　future　未来的，与未来有关的

hindsight/haＩndsaＩt/　n.　perception　of　the　significance　and　nature　of　events　after　they　have　occurred　后见之明

optimize/ptＩmaＩz/　vt.　make　as　perfect　or　effective　as　possible　使最优化

orthodoxy/dksi/　n.　orthodox　belief　or　practice　正统观念，普遍接受的观点

overmatch/vmt/　vt.　be　more　than　a　match　for;　exceed　or　defeat　胜过，打败

ponderously/pndrsli/　adv.　in　a　dull　and　labored　manner　沉重地，笨重地

predispose/pridＩspz/　vt.　make（someone）　inclined　to　something　in　advance　使（某人）倾向于某事,预先安排

quantitative/kwntＩttＩv/　adj.　of　or　relating　to　number　or　quantity　数量或定量的

quantum/kwntm/　①　adj.　sudden　and　significant　量大的　②　n.　a　quantity　or　an　amount　量或数量

reallocate/rilkeＩt/　vt.　assign　or　allot　to　a　different　purpose　or　person　from　the　one　originally　intended　再分配，再指派

resolute/rezlut/　adj.　firm　or　determined;　unwavering　坚定的，坚决的

superiority/supＩrirti/　n.　the　quality　of　being　a　competitive　advantage　优越，优势

take/teＩk/　n.　（slang）　an　attempt　or　a　try　企图，尝试

thoughtprovoking/tprvkＩ/　adj.　stimulating　interest　or　thought　发人深省的

underlying/ndlaＩn/　adj.　present　but　not　obvious,　inplicit　隐含的，潜在的

wrongheaded/rhedＩd/　adj.　having　or　showing　bad　judgement　判断错误的

PHRASES　&　EXPRESSIONS

1.　accord　withbe　the　same　as　something，　or　to　agree　with　something　同……相符合，与……一致

2.　break　away　fromgive　up（habits，　modes　of　thought　or　belief）　放弃，脱离

3.　have　effect　onhave　an　influence　on　对……有影响

4.　look　aheadthink　about　what　will　happen　in　the　future　and　plan　for　these　events　计划未来，展望未来

5.　run　counter　tobe　in　contrary　to　背道而驰,违反

6.　take　actiontake　steps　采取措施

PROPER　NAMES

Carl　Conetta　卡尔·科内塔

Col.　H.R.　McMaster　赫伯特·雷蒙·麦克马斯特上校

DID　（Defense　Industry　Daily)　［美国］《国防工业日报》

Foreign　Policy　Research　Institute（FPRI）　［美］外交政策研究所（位于费城）

Lebanon/lebnn/　n.　黎巴嫩（西亚国家，位于地中海东岸）

Orbis　《环球》

EXERCISES

Ⅰ.　Reading　Comprehension

Directions:　Decide　whether　each　of　the　following　statements　is　true　or　false　according　to　the　text.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　The　term　“military　transformation”　becomes　popular　largely　because　of　the　rapid　development　of　electronic　technology.

2.　Heavier　forces　always　win　advantage　over　lighter　ones.

3.　War　experience　in　Iraq　has　aroused　questions　about　U.S.　Future　Combat　Systems　program.

4.　Col.　H.　R.　Mcmaster　adopted　a　historical　perspective　to　review　U.S.　army　transformation.

5.　With　six　years　of　combat　experience　in　Iraq，　the　U.S.　Army　has　given　up　their　once　generallyaccepted　concept　of　defense　transformation.

6.　The　information　superiority　will　assure　the　army　of　its　final　victory　in　modern　wars.

7.　France　built　the　Maginot　Line　on　the　wrong　assumption　that　strong　defenses　would　guarantee　national　security.

8.　According　to　Carl　Conetta，　offensive　capabilities　are　as　important　as　defensive　preparations.

Ⅱ.　Vocabulary

Section　A

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　words　learned　from　text　B.　The　first　letter　of　each　word　has　been　given.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

1.　Soldiers　now　need　a　wide　range　of　skills，　most　of　which　are　actually　metaskills:　to　be　quick　learners，　to　be　responsive　and　creative，　and　to　be　comfortable　with　error　and　a.

2.　Clausewitzs　most　famous　d，　that　war　“is　merely　the　continuation　of　policy　by　other　means，”　emphasizes　his　conception　of　war　as　one　part　of　normal　and　pragmatic　politics.

3.　The　Army　is　working　to　provide　the　infantry　squad　an　o　in　combat　capability　through　the　network　and　immersive　training（沉浸式训练）.

4.　It　is　reported　that　C　130　military　cargo　plane　o　and　upgraded　by　Iranian　experts　carried　out　its　first　flight　in　a　ceremony.

5.　President　Trump,　like　his　predecessor,　vowed　on　Thursday　the　U.S.　military　would　maintain　its　s　and　bolster（支持）　its　presence　in　Asia　despite　planned　cuts　to　the　defense　budget.

6.　A　military　analyst　has　pointed　out　that　Gaddafis　death　does　not　v　U.S.　military　operations.

7.　U.S.　researchers　are　perfecting　s　that　show　a　nuclear　weapons　performance　in　precise　molecular（分子的）detail，　tools　that　are　becoming　critical　for　national　defense.

8.　The　military　of　the　DPRK　on　Sunday　vowed　to　take　“r　military　measures”　against　the　exercises　to　be　jointly　held　by　the　Republic　of　Korea（ROK）　and　the　United　States.

9.　It　is　required　that　military　sniper　rifles（狙击步枪）　use　military　ammunition（弹药），　c　to　international　war　treaties　and　generally　available　to　the　troops.

10.　U.N.　Secretary　General　Kofi　Annan　planned　to　recommend　that　some　Iraq　weapons　inspection　funds　be　r　for　development　assistance　to　the　country.

Section　B

Directions:　Fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　expressions　given　below.　Change　the　form　where　necessary.

break　away　from

look　ahead

base　on

run　counter　to

in　light　of

take　action

accord　with

seek　to

1.　We　will　create　opportunities　for　women　veterans　and　military　spouses　to　find　meaningful　employment　unique　challenges.

2.　In　1976，　Maj.　Saad　Haddad　the　Lebanese　military　and　established　his　own　militia　in　south　Lebanon，　called　the　Free　Lebanon　Army.

3.　Pentagon　officials　used　the　strategy　review　to　to　see　what　type　of　military　the　country　will　need　in　2020.

4.　The　plans　of　the　group　will　provide　direct，　including　military，　support　for　the　armed　oppositions　which　the　objective　of　a　peaceful　settlement.

5.　An　Indonesia　defense　analyst　said　the　proposal　the　view　that　the　U.S.　military　base　in　Darwin　was　aimed　at　enhancing　military　operations　for　nonbelligerent（非交战的）purposes.

6.　Obama　proposed　a　1.4　percent　pay　increase　for　the　military，　the　lowest　since　1973，　because　military　pay　raises　the　Employment　Cost　Index，　which　grew　very　little　this　year.

7.　War　studies　by　military　theorists　throughout　military　history　have　identify　the　philosophy　of　war，　and　to　reduce　it　to　a　military　science.

8.　The　FBI　states　that　the　agency　has　already　to　implement　the　reports　recommendations　which　were　released　in　midJuly.

Part　Ⅲ

Additional　Themerelated　Activities

Section　AListening,　Watching　&　Speaking

Passage　Listening　Ⅰ

Words　&　Expressions

assembly/sembli/　n.　集会

offense/fens/　n.　进攻

preside/prＩzaＩd/over　负责，主持

relentless/rＩlentls/　adj.　持续不断的，不松懈的

Proper　Names

Eisenhower　艾森豪威尔（美国第34任总统1953—1961）

Middle　East　中东（一般泛指欧、亚、非三大洲连接的地区）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Answer　the　following　questions　according　to　what　youve　heard　in　the　dialogue.

1.　What　has　Mr.　Bush　presided　over　during　his　eight　years　in　office?

2.　What　is　the　only　way　to　defeat　terrorism　in　the　long　run　according　to　Mr.　Bush?

3.　What　must　the　United　States　do　so　that　the　next　generation　inherits　a　military　capable　of　advancing　the　cause　of　peace　according　to　Mr.　Bush?

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　exact　words　or　expressions　youve　heard.

U.S.　President　George　Bush　says　Americas　military　is　stronger　and　better　prepared　to　（1）　threats　than　it　was　before　he　took　office.　He　says　throughout　the　last　eight　years　the　U.S.　military　has　（2）　a　（3）　for　a　new　kind　of　war　the　country　is　facing　now　and　will　continue　to　face　in　the　future.　The　president　said　（4）　changes　were　made　in　both　the　militarys　strategy　and　the　military　itself.　The　president　said　his　administration　made　it　clear　that　governments　that　（5）　terror　are　as　guilty　as　the　terrorists，　and　this　doctrine　was　applied　in　both　Afghanistan　and　Iraq.

Task　3Roleplaying　（Oral　Work）

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time.　Then　try　to　imitate　George　Bush　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　and　expressions.

resolve

offense

terrorist

democratic

pressing

including

freedom

determined

relentless

protect

Passage　Listening　Ⅱ

Words　&　Expressions

draft/drft/　n.　征兵

draftee/drfti/　n.　被征召入伍者

operation/preＩn/　n.　军事行动

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　Guttenberg　proposed　to　cut　the　countrys　armed　forces　to　about　200，000　troops　from　250，000.

2.　According　to　Guttenberg，　an　attractive　military　service　will　draw　Germans　to　join　the　military　voluntarily.

3.　Guttenbergs　proposal　comes　as　the　government　wants　to　cut　spending.

4.　Carlo　Masala　teaches　political　science　at　Germanys　military　university　in　Berlin.

5.　Masala　said　the　proposals　will　make　the　German　military　function　like　armed　forces　in　the　U.S.　and　Britain.

Task　2Reordering

Directions:　The　following　sentences　are　given　in　the　wrong　order.　Put　the　sentences　in　order　according　to　what　youve　heard，　and　write　down　the　correct　number　in　the　brackets.

（）　Germany　currently　has　more　than　5，000　troops　in　northern　Afghanistan.

（）　German　lawmakers　are　debating　the　proposal，　which　could　take　several　years　to　implement.

（）　With　several　German　parties　strongly　in　favor　of　the　draft，　Guttenbergs　proposal　does　not　remove　conscription　from　the　German　constitution.

（）　Guttenberg　wants　to　end　the　system　where　Germans　have　to　do　either　military　or　civil　service　after　they　finish　secondary　school.

（）　Masala　said　the　proposals　will　make　the　German　military　function　like　armed　forces　in　the　U.S.　and　in　other　European　countries.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work)

Directions:　Listen　to　the　passage　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　passage　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

proposal

cut

end

functional

draw

voluntary

implement

in　favor　of

remove

option

Video　Watching

Words　&　Expressions

abolition/blＩn/　n.　废除

amateur/mt/　n.　业余爱好者

center　on　集中

composition/kmpzＩn/　n.　组成,构成

deterrence/dＩterns/　n.　威慑（手段）

in　essence　本质上，　其实

obsolete/bslit/　adj.　陈旧的

peacekeeping/piskipＩ/　adj.　维护和平的

studio/stjudi/　n.　（无线电或电视节目的）演播室

underline/ndlaＩn/　vt.　强调

unplausible/nplzbl/　adj.　难信的，不像真实的

Proper　Names

Atlantic　Partnership　大西洋合作伙伴（旨在使太西洋沿岸国家与美国和欧洲保持亲密关

系的组织）

Task　1True　or　False　Statements

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　and　decide　whether　the　following　statements　are　true　or　false.　Write　T　for　True　or　F　for　False　before　each　statement.

1.　Wilfried　von　Bredow　is　an　expert　of　political　science　at　Phillips　University.

2.　In　essence，　the　proposed　reforms　center　on　two　core　issues.　One　is　at　the　quantitative　level　and　the　other　is　at　the　qualitative　level.

3.　Conscription　is　still　the　cornerstone　of　Germanys　military　today.

4.　The　most　important　reason　for　the　reform　is　that　the　Bundeswehr　has　realized　that　its　not　enough　to　be　a　kind　of　organization　that　is　only　protecting　civil　projects.

5.　Its　always　tough　to　balance　whether　the　forces　should　be　very　strictly　peacekeeping　or　be　a　war　fighting　machine.

Task　2Spot　Dictation

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　again　and　fill　in　the　blanks　with　the　words　youve　heard.

Because　the　（1）　and　the　public　since　1955　have　always　（2）　Bundeswehr　as　a　kind　of　not　really　（3）　force　but　a　force　to　defend　the　（4）　in　a　quite　unplausible　（5）　I　will　think　in　the　eastwest　（6）　and　to　be　part　of　the　western　deterrence　posture.　But　this　has　changed.　Deterrence　is　gone.　There　is　no　territorial　（7）　to　the　German　countryside.　From　the　east，　we　are　（8）　by　friends，　as　one　defense　（9）　told　the　public.　And　therefore　the　Bundeswehr　has　to　（10）　itself.

Task　3Summarizing　（Oral　Work)

Directions:　Watch　the　video　clip　for　the　third　time　and　then　summarize　the　main　idea　with　the　help　of　the　following　key　words　or　expressions.

reform

abolition

obsolete

fundamental

Afghanistan　shock

defend

deterrence

redefine

Section　BThemerelated　Oral　Tasks

Chinese　Navy　BuildUp：　No　Threat　to　ASEAN　Countries

BEIJING　Chinese　military　experts　have　told　their　counterparts　from　members　of　the　Association　of　Southeast　Asian　Nations（ASEAN）　that　the　Peoples　Liberation　Army（PLA）　Navy　will　never　be　a　threat　to　the　region.

China　would　not　build　a　navy　capable　to　strive　for　global　hegemony，　said　Senior　Colonel　Chen　Zhou，　a　researcher　with　the　PLAs　Academy　of　Military　Sciences，　at　the　China　ASEAN　Defense　and　Security　Dialogue　concluded　in　Beijing　on　Wednesday.

Chen　was　responding　to　Mariano　S.　Sontillanosa，　a　retired　Commodore　and　Vice　President　of　Philippine　National　Defense　College，　who　asked　Chinese　military　scholars　what　guarantees　China　could　give　to　the　ASEAN　members　that　its　growing　maritime　power　would　not　be　used　aggressively.

“ASEAN　countries　should　be　assured　that　Chinas　development　of　its　navy　is　only　to　maintain　the　countrys　own　maritime　interests　and　regional　peace　and　stability，”　Chen　said.

Chen　cited　Chairman　Mao　Zedongs　remark　that　“We　must　build　up　a　powerful　navy”　since　most　of　the　foreign　invasions　the　Chinese　people　had　suffered　came　from　the　sea.

“China　is　the　only　member　of　the　U.N.　Security　Council　which　has　not　realized　complete　reunification，”　Chen　said.　“We　still　face　many　challenges，　such　as　maritime　disputes　with　other　countries，　that　the　army　cannot　handle　alone.”

China　is　speeding　up　construction　and　acquisition　of　new　modern　navy　weaponry，　which　has　stirred　up　fears　over　its　military　and　political　intentions.

To　safeguard　merchant　vessels　passing　through　the　pirateravaged　Gulf　of　Aden　and　waters　off　the　coast　of　Somalia，　China　has　deployed　new　destroyers　and　frigates　to　the　region　since　the　end　of　2008.

Last　year，　the　PLA　Navy　unveiled　its　previously　secret　nuclearpowered　submarines　and　new　amphibious　assault　ship　at　an　international　fleet　review　on　April　23　to　celebrate　the　navys　60th　founding　anniversary.

Chen，　a　frequent　participator　in　drafting　Chinas　Biennial　National　Defense　White　Paper，　stressed　that　although　the　PLA　Navy　was　improving　its　capabilities　in　transforming　from　coastal　defense　to　offshore　defense，　it　would　not　build　a　navy　for　global　power　projection　and　engagement　like　the　U.S.　Navy.

The　latest　issued　Chinese　Defense　White　Paper　said　the　PLA　Navy　would　cooperate　with　foreign　counterparts　to　deal　with　nontraditional　security　threats.

In　recent　years，　the　PLA　has　jointly　conducted　maritime　exercises　with　fleets　from　the　United　Kingdom，　India　and　Pakistan.　It　also　held　joint　military　training　and　exercises　with　the　ASEAN　members　such　as　Singapore　and　Thailand　to　counter　terrorism　and　other　security　threats.

Words　&　Expressions

biennial/baＩenil/　n.　两年一次的

commodore/kmd/　n.　海军准将

destroyer/dＩstrＩ/　n.　驱逐舰

hegemony/hＩdemni/　n.　霸权

Proper　Names

Association　of　Southeast　Asian　Nations（ASEAN)　东南亚国家联盟（东盟）

Philippine/fＩlＩpＩn/　adj.　菲律宾的，菲律宾人的

U.N.　Security　Council　联合国安全理事会（简称安理会）

Task　1Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Read　the　passage　and　then　discuss　the　following　questions　with　your　partner.

1.　What　is　the　purpose　of　Chinas　development　of　its　navy?

2.　What　challenges　does　China　face?

3.　What　has　stirred　up　fears　over　Chinas　military　and　political　intentions?

4.　Why　has　China　deployed　new　destroyers　and　frigates　to　the　Gulf　of　Aden?

5.　What　would　the　PLA　Navy　do　according　to　the　latest

issued　Chinese　Defense　White　Paper　?

Task　2Questions　for　Discussion

Directions:　Work　with　your　partner　and　discuss　the　following　questions.

1.　What　is　your　understanding　of　the　statement　that　“PLA　Navy　will　never　be　a　threat　to　the　region”?

2.　Apart　from　the　joint　military　training　and　exercises　mentioned　in　the　passage，　what　other　joint　military　drills　do　you　know?　Please　share　your　knowledge　about　them　with　your　partner.